List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: IV. Myology

• unipennate
• bipennate

• origin
• insertion
• synergic muscles
• fixation muscles
• The Mechanics of Muscle

• The Direction of the Muscle Pull

• The Action of the Muscle Pull on the Tendon
• The Strength of Muscles

• absolute muscle strength
• The Work Accomplished by Muscles
  • physiological cross-section
  • maximum shortening
  • position of the joint

• The Action of Muscles on Joints

• Levers

development of the muscles ()

• The Myotomic Muscles
• The Ventrolateral Muscles of the Neck
• Muscles of the Shoulder girdle andArm

• The Myotomic Muscles
• The Muscles of the Leg
• The Muscles of the Head

• Striped muscle (Voluntary muscle)
  • perimysium
  • epimysium
  • fasciculi
  • endomysium
• muscular fiber
  • sarcolemma

• muscle columns
• sarcoplasm
• areas of Cohnheim
• sarcostyles

• Dobie's line (Kraus's membrane)
• lines of Hensen
• sarcomere
• sarcous element

• capillaries of striped muscle

tendons, aponeuroses, and fasciae ()

• Tendons
  • organs of Golgi
• Aponeuroses
• fasciae

• fasciae
  • superficial fascia
    • white fibers
    • yellow elastic fibers
    • matrix
    • cells of areolar tissue
      • lamellar cells
      • Clasmatocytes
      • Granule cells
      • Plasma cells
      • wandering cells
        • pigment cells

• fasciae
  • deep fascia

the fasciae and muscles of the head

the muscles of the scalp ()

• Epicranius
• Skin of the Scalp
• superficial fascia
• Epicranius (Occipitofrontalis)

• Occipitalis
• Frontalis

• galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis)
• Transversus nuchæ

the muscles of the eyelid ()

• Levator palpebræ superioris
• Orbicularis oculi (Orbicularis palpebrarum)
  • medial palpebral ligament
  • palpebral portion
  • orbital portion
  • lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi)

• Orbicularis oculi (Orbicularis palpebrarum)
  • medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi)
  • lateral palpebral raphé
• Corrugator (Corrugator supercilii)

the muscles of the nose ()

• Procerus (Pyramidalis nasi)
• Nasalis (Compressor naris)
• Depressor septi (Depressor alœ nasi)
• Dilatator naris posterior
• Dilatator naris anterior

the muscles of the mouth ()

• muscles of the mouth

• Quadratus labii superioris
  • angular head
  • infraorbital head
  • zygomatic head
• Caninus (Levator anguli oris)
• Zygomaticus (Zygomaticus major)
• Mentalis (Levator menti)
• Quadratus labii inferioris (Depressor labii inferioris; Quadratus menti)
• Triangularis (Depressor anguli oris)
• Transversus menti

• Buccinator
• suctorial pad
• pterygomandibular raphé (pterygomandibular ligament)
• Orbicularis oris

• lateral band (m. incisivus labii superioris)
• medial band (m. nasolabialis)
• philtrum
• m. incisivus labii inferioris
• Risorius

the muscles of mastication ()

• Parotideomasseteric fascia (masseteric fascia)
• Masseter

• Temporal fascia
• Temporalis (Temporal muscle)
• Pterygoideus externus (External pterygoid muscle)

• Pterygoideus internus (Internal pterygoid muscle)

the fasciae and muscles of the anterolateral region of the neck

the superficial cervical muscle ()

• Platysma

the lateral cervical muscles ()

• Fascia colli (deep cervical fascia)
  • investing portion of the fascia
  • Above
    • parotideomasseteric fascia
    • stylomandibular ligament
    • sphenomandibular ligament
    • pterygospinous ligament

• Fascia colli (deep cervical fascia)
  • Below
    • suprasternal space (space of Burns)
  • fascia which lines the deep surface of the Sternocleidomastoideus
    • carotid sheath
    • prevertebral fascia

• Fascia colli (deep cervical fascia)
  • fascia which lines the deep surface of the Sternocleidomastoideus
    • prevertebral fascia
      • buccopharyngeal fascia
      • retropharyngeal space
    • pretrachial fascia
• Sternocleidomastoideus (Sternomastoid muscle)
• Triangles of the neck
  • anterior triangle

• Triangles of the neck
  • posterior triangle

the supra- and infrahyoid muscles ()

suprahyoid muscles

• Digastricus (Digastric muscle)
  • posterior belly
  • anterior belly

• Digastricus (Digastric muscle)
  • suprahyoid aponeurosis
  • submaxillary triangle
  • carotid triangle
  • suprahyoid triangle or submental triangle
• Stylohyoideus (Stylohyoid muscle)
• Omohyoideus
• Stylohyoid ligament (ligamentum stylohyoideus)

• Stylohyoid ligament (ligamentum stylohyoideus)
  • epihyal
• Mylohyoideus (Mylohyoid muscle)
• Geniohyoideus (Geniohyoid muscle)

infrahyoid muscles

• Sternohyoideus (Sternohyoid muscle)
• Sternothyreoideus (Sternothyroid muscle)

• Thyreohyoideus (Thyrohyoid muscle)
• Omohyoideus (Omohyoid muscle)
  • occipital triangle
  • subclavian triangle
  • carotid triangle
  • muscular triangle

the anterior vertebral muscles ()

• Longus colli

• Longus capitis (Rectus capitis anticus major)
• Rectus capitis anterior (Rectus capitis anticus minor)
• Rectus capitis lateralis

the lateral vertebral muscles ()

• Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus)
• Scalenus medius
• Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus)

the fasciae and muscles of the trunk

the deep muscles of the back ()

• Lumbodorsal fascia (fascia lumbodorsalis; lumbar aponeurosis and vertebral fascia)
  • nuchal fascia
• Splenius capitis
• Splenius cervicis (Splenius colli)
• Sacrospinalis (Erector spinæ)

• Iliocostalis
  • Iliocostalis lumborum (Iliocostalis muscle; Sacrolumbalis muscle)
  • Iliocostalis dorsi (Musculus accessorius)
  • Iliocostalis cervicis (Cervicalis ascendens)
• Longissimus
  • Longissimus dorsi
  • Longissimus cervicis (Transversalis cervicis)
  • Longissimus capitis (Trachelomastoid muscle)
• Spinalis
  • Spinalis dorsi

• Spinalis
  • Spinalis cervicis (Spinalis colli)
  • Spinalis capitis (Biventer cervicis)
• Semispinalis
  • Semispinalis dorsi
  • Semispinalis cervicis (Semispinalis colli)
  • Semispinalis capitis (Complexus)
    • Spinalis capitis (Biventer cervicis)
• Multifidus (Multifidus spinæ)
• Rotatores (Rotatores spinæ)
• Interspinales

• Extensor coccygis
• Intertransversarii (Intertransversales)
  • Intertransversarii anteriores
  • Intertransversarii posteriores
  • Intertransversarii laterales
  • Intertransversarii mediales

the suboccipital muscles ()

• Rectus capitis posterior major (Rectus capitis posticus major)
• Rectus capitis posterior minor (Rectus capitis posticus minor)

• Obliquus capitis inferior (Obliquus inferior)
• Obliquus capitis superior (Obliquus superior)
• Suboccipital triangle

the muscles of the thorax ()

• Intercostal fasciae

• Intercostales (Intercostal muscles)
  • Intercostales externi (External intercostals)
    • anterior intercostal membranes
  • Intercostales interni (Internal intercostals)
    • posterior intercostal membranes
• Subcostales (Infracostales)
• Transversus thoracis (Triangularis sterni)
• Levatores costarum
  • Levatores costarum breves

• Levatores costarum
  • Levatores costarum longi
• Serratus posterior superior (Serratus posticus superior)
• Serratus posterior inferior (Serratus posticus inferior)
• Diaphragm
• Medial lumbocostal arch (arcus lumbocostalis medialis; internal arcuate ligament)

• Lateral lumbocostal arch (arcus lumbocostalis lateralis; external arcuate ligament)
• Crura
  • right crus
  • left crus

• Central tendon
• Openings in the Diaphragm
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • vena caval foramen
  • lesser apertures

• Respiration, mechanism of:

the muscles and fasciae of the abdomen ()

the anterolateral muscles

• Superficial fascia
  • superficial layer (fascia of Camper)
  • deep layer (fascia of Scarpa)

• Obliquus externus abdominis (External or descending oblique muscle)

• Obliquus externus abdominis (External or descending oblique muscle)
  • aponeurosis of the Obliquus externus abdominis
  • linea alba
  • inguinal ligament
  • lacunar ligament
  • reflected inguinal ligament
• Subcutaneous inguinal ring (annulus inguinalis subcutaneus; external abdominal ring)
  • crura of the ring
    • inferior crus (external pillar)
    • superior crus (internal pillar)
• Intercrural fibers (fibræ intercrurales; intercolumnar fibers)

• Intercrural fibers (fibræ intercrurales; intercolumnar fibers)
  • intercrural fascia
  • external spermatic fascia
• Inguinal ligament (ligamentum inguinale; Poupart’s ligament)

• Lacunar ligament (ligamentum lacunare [Gimbernati]; Gimbernat’s ligament)
• Reflected inguinal ligament (ligamentum inguinale reflexum; triangular fascia)
• Ligament of Cooper
• Obliquus internus abdominis (Internal or ascending oblique muscle)

• Obliquus internus abdominis (Internal or ascending oblique muscle)
  • inguinal aponeurotic falx

• Cremaster
  • cremasteric fascia
• Transversus abdominis (Transversalis muscle)
• inguinal aponeurotic falx (falx aponeurotica inguinalis; conjoined tendon of Internal oblique and Transversalis muscle)

• inguinal aponeurotic falx (falx aponeurotica inguinalis; conjoined tendon of Internal oblique and Transversalis muscle)
  • interfoveolar ligament of Hesselbach
• Rectus abdominis

• Rectus abdominis
  • tendinous inscriptions
  • linea semicircularis
• Pyramidalis

• Linea alba
  • adminiculum lineae albae
• Lineae semilunares

• Transversalis fascia
  • deep crural arch
• abdominal inguinal ring (annulus inguinalis abdominis; internal or deep abdominal ring)
  • infundibuliform fascia
• Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis; spermatic canal)
• Extraperitoneal connective tissue

• Deep crural arch

the posterior muscles

• Fascia covering the quadratus lumborum

• Quadratus lumborum

the muscles and fasciae of the pelvis ()

• pelvic diaphragm
• Pelvic fascia
  • fascia of the Obturator internus

• Pelvic fascia
  • fascia of the Obturator internus
    • Alcock's canal
  • fascia of the Piriformis
  • diaphragmatic part of the pelvic fascia
    • anal fascia

• Pelvic fascia
  • tendinous arch or white line of the pelvic fascia
  • endopelvic part of the pelvic fascia
    • vesical layer
    • rectovesical layer
    • rectal layer
• Levator ani

• Levator ani
  • anococcygeal raphé

• Levator ani
  • Levator prostatae
  • Iliococcygeus
    • Iliosacralis
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Puborectalis
  • Sphincter recti
• Coccygeus

the muscles and fasciae of the perineum ()

The Muscles of the Anal Region

• Superficial fascia

• Deep fascia
• Ischiorectal fossa (fossa ischiorectalis)
• Corrugator cutis ani
• Sphincter ani externus (External sphincter ani)

• anococcygeal raphé
• Sphincter ani internus (Internal sphincter ani)

The Muscles of the Urogenital Region in the Male

• superficial layer of superficial fascia
• deep layer of superficial fascia (fascia of Colles)

• Central tendinous point of the perineum
• Transversus perinæi superficialis (Transversus perinæi; Superficial transverse perineal muscle)

• Bulbocavernosus (Ejaculator urinæ; Accelerator urinæ)
• Ischiocavernosus (Erector penis)
• Deep fascia
• urogenital diaphragm (triangular ligament)
• inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

• superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
• transverse ligament of the pelvis
• Transversus perinæi profundus
• Constrictor urethræ
• Sphincter urethræ membranaceæ

The Muscles of the Urogenital Region in the Female

• Transversus perinæi superficialis (Transversus perinæi; Superficial transverse perineal muscle)
• Bulbocavernosus (Sphincter vaginæ)
• Ischiocavernosus (Erector clitoridis)
• fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

• Transversus perinæi profundus

the fascia and muscles of the upper extremity

the muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column ()

• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi

• axillary arch
• lumbar triangle of Petit
• triangle of ausculation
• Rhomboideus major
• Rhomboideus minor

• Levator scapulæ (Levator anguli scapulæ)

the muscles connecting the upper extremity to the anterior and lateral thoracic walls ()

• Superficial fascia
  • ligamenta suspensoria
• Pectoral fascia

• Pectoral fascia
  • axillary fascia
  • suspensory ligament of the axilla
• Pectoralis major

• Pectoralis major
  • Costocoracoideus
  • Chondro-epitrochlearis
  • Sternalis
• Coracoclavicular fascia (fascia coracoclavicularis; costocoracoid membrane; clavipectoral fascia)
  • costocoracoid ligament

• Pectoralis minor
  • Pectoralis minimus
• Subclavius
• Serratus anterior (Serratus magnus)

the muscles and fasciae of the shoulder ()

• Deltoideus (Deltoid muscle)

• Subscapular fascia (fascia subscapularis)
• Subscapularis
• Supraspinatous fascia (fascia supraspinata)
• Supraspinatus

• Infraspinatous fascia (fascia infraspinata)
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor

• Teres major

the muscles and fasciae of the arm ()

• Brachial fascia (fascia brachii; deep fascia of the arm)
• lateral intermuscular septum
• medial intermuscular septum

• Coracobrachialis
• Biceps brachii (Biceps; Biceps flexor cubiti)

• lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia)
• Brachialis (Brachialis anticus)
• Triceps brachii (Triceps; Triceps extensor cubiti)
• tendon of the Triceps brachii

• triangular space
• quadrangular space
• Variations
  • Subanconæus

the muscles and fasciae of the forearm ()

• Antibrachial fascia (fascia antibrachii; deep fascia of the forearm)

The Volar Antibrachial Muscles: Superficial Group

• Pronator teres
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Palmaris longus

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

• Flexor digitorum sublimis

The Volar Antibrachial Muscles: Deep Group

• Flexor digitorum profundus

• vincula tendina
• vincula brevia
• vincula longa
• Flexor pollicis longus
• Pronator quadratus

The Dorsal Antibrachial Muscles: Superficial group

• Brachioradialis (Supinator longus)

• Extensor carpi radialis longus (Extensor carpi radialis longior)
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis (Extensor carpi radialis brevior)
• Extensor digitorum communis

• Extensor digiti quinti proprius (Extensor minimi digiti)
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Anconæus

The Dorsal Antibrachial Muscles: Deep Group

• Supinator (Supinator brevis)

• Abductor pollicis longus (Extensor oss. metacarpi pollicis)
• Extensor pollicis brevis (Extensor primi internodii pollicis)
• Extensor pollicis longus (Extensor secundi internodii pollicis)

• Extensor indicis proprius (Extensor indicis)

the muscles and fasciae of the hand ()

• thenar eminence
• hypothenar eminence
• Volar carpal ligament (ligamentum carpi volare)
• Transverse carpal ligament (ligamentum carpi transversum; anterior annular ligament)

• Mucous sheaths of wrist

• Dorsal carpal ligament (ligamentum carpi dorsale; posterior annular ligament)

• Mucous sheaths on back of wrist

• Palmar aponeurosis (aponeurosis palmaris; palmar fascia)

• Superficial transverse ligament of the fingers

The Lateral Volar Muscles

• Abductor pollicis brevis (Abductor pollicis)
• Opponens pollicis
• Flexor pollicis brevis
• first interosseous volaris

• Adductor pollicis (obliquus) (Adductor obliquus pollicis)
• Adductor pollicis (transversus) (Adductor transversus pollicis)

The Medial Volar Muscles

• Palmaris brevis
• Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti)

• Flexor digiti quinti brevis (Flexor brevis minimi digiti)
• Opponens digiti quinti (Opponens minimi digiti)

The Intermediate Muscles

• Lumbricales
• Interossei dorsales (Dorsal interossei)
• Abductor indicis

• Interossei volares (Palmar interossei)
• Interosseus volaris primus

the muscles and fasciae of the lower extremity

the muscles and fasciae of the iliac region ()

• The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Iliac region

• Fascia Covering the Psoas and Iliacus
  • portion covering the Psoas
  • portions investing the Iliacus (fascia iliaca; iliac fascia)
  • iliopectineal fascia

• Psoas major (Psoas magnus)
• Psoas minor (Psoas parvus)
• Iliacus

the muscles and fasciae of the thigh ()

The Anterior Femoral Muscles

• Superficial fascia
  • fossa ovalis (saphenous opening)
  • fascia cribrosa
• Deep fascia
  • fascia lata
  • iliotibial band (tractus iliotibialis)

• Fossa ovalis (saphenous opening)
  • superficial portion of the fascia lata
    • falciform margin
      • superior cornu
      • inferior cornu
  • deep portion

• Sartorius
• Quadriceps femoris (Quadriceps extensor)
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus)

• Quadriceps femoris (Quadriceps extensor)
  • Vastus medialis (Vastus internus)
  • Vastus intermedius (Crureus)
• tendons
  • prepatellar bursa
• Articularis genu (Subcrureus)

The Medial Femoral Muscles

• Gracilis

• Pectineus
• Adductores
  • Adductor longus

• Adductores
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus

The Muscles of the Gluteal Region

• Gluteal muscles
  • Glutæus maximus
  • Glutæus medius

• Gluteal muscles
  • Glutæus minimus

• Tensor fasciæ latæ (Tensor fasciæ femoris)
• Piriformis
• Obturator membrane

• Obturator internus
• Gemelli
  • Gemellus superior
  • Gemellus inferior
• Quadratus femoris
• Obturator externus

The Posterior Femoral Muscles (Hamstring Muscles)

• Biceps femoris (Biceps)

• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus

the muscles and fasciae of the leg ()

The Anterior Crural Muscles

• Deep fascia (fascia cruris)
  • anterior and posterior peroneal septa
  • deep transverse fascia of the leg
• Tibialis anterior (Tibialis anticus)
  • Tibiofascialis anterior

• Extensor hallucis longus (Extensor proprius hallucis)
  • Extensor ossis metatarsi hallucis
• Extensor digitorum longus

• Peronæus tertius

The Posterior Crural Muscles: Superficial group

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus
• Triceps suræ
• Tendo calcaneus (tendo Achillis)
• Plantaris

The Posterior Crural Muscles: Deep group

• Deep transverse fascia

• Popliteus

• Flexor hallucis longus
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Tibialis posterior (Tibialis posticus)

The Lateral Crural Muscles

• Peronæus longus

• Peronæus brevis

the fasciae around the ankle ()

• Transverse crural ligament (ligamentum transversum cruris; upper part of anterior annular ligament)
• Cruciate crural ligament (ligamentum cruciatum cruris; lower part of anterior annular ligament)

• Laciniate ligament (ligamentum laciniatum; internal annular ligament)
• Peroneal retinacula
  • superior retinaculum (external annular ligament)
  • inferior retinaculum
• Mucous sheaths of the Tendons Around the Ankle

the muscles and fasciae of the foot ()

• Dorsal muscle of the foot
• Extensor digitorum brevis
• Extensor hallucis brevis
• Plantar muscles of the foot
• Plantar aponeurosis (aponeurosis plantaris; plantar fascia)

The First Layer

• Abductor hallucis
• Flexor digitorum brevis

• Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti)

The Second Layer

• Quadratus plantæ (Flexor accessorius)
• Lumbricales

The Third Layer

• Flexor hallucis brevis
• Adductor hallucis (Adductor obliquus hallucis)

• Flexor digiti quinti brevis (Flexor brevis minimi digiti)
• Opponens digiti quinti

The Fourth Layer

• Interossei
• Interossei dorsales (Dorsal interossei)
• Interossei plantares (Plantar interossei)

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy