List of subjects in Gray's Anatomy: XI. Splanchnology

Apparatus Respiratorius; Respiratory system
Respiratory apparatus: development of:
laryngo-tracheal tube
lung buds
arytenoid swellings
furcula of His

the larynx ()

Larynx

Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis)

Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
- laryngeal prominence (pomum Adami)
- superior thyroid notch
- oblique line

Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyreoidea)
- intrathyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea)
- posterior quadrate lamina (lamina cartilaginis cricoideæ; posterior portion)
- arch (arcus cartilaginis cricoideæ; anterior portion)

Arytenoid cartilages (cartilagines arytænoideæ)
- colliculus
- crista arcuata
Corniculate cartilages (cartilagines corniculatæ; cartilages of Santorini)
Cuneiform cartilages (cartilagines cuneiformes; cartilages of Wrisberg)
Epiglottis (cartilago epiglottica)
glossoepiglottic folds
valleculae

Ligaments

Extrinsic Ligaments
- Hyothyroid membrane (membrana hyothyreoidea; thyrohyoid membrane)

Extrinsic Ligaments
- middle hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum medium; middle thyrohyoid ligament)
- Lateral hyothyroid ligament (ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale; lateral thyrohyoid ligament)
- hyoepiglottic ligament (ligamentum hyoepiglotticum)
- Cricotracheal ligament (ligamentum cricotracheale)
Intrinsic Ligaments
- elastic membrane of the larynx

Intrinsic Ligaments
- Conus elasticus (cricothyroid membrane)
- anterior part or middle cricothyroid ligament (ligamentum cricothyreoideum medium; central part of cricothyroid membrane)
- posterior cricoarytenoid ligament (ligamentum cricoarytenoideum posterius)
- thyroepiglottic ligament (ligamentum thyreoepiglotticum)

Interior of the Larynx

cavity of the larynx (cavum laryngis)
- rima glottidis
- vestibule of larynx
- ventricles of the larynx

entrance of the larynx
- aryepiglottic fold
- cuneiform tubercle
Ventricular folds (plicœ ventriculares; superior or false vocal cords)
- ventricular ligament
Vocal folds (plicœ vocales; inferior or true vocal cords)
- vocal ligaments (ligamenta vocales; inferior thyroarytenoid)

Ventricle of the larynx (ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii]; laryngeal sinus)
- appendix of the laryngeal ventricle (appendix ventriculi laryngis; laryngeal saccule)
Rima glottidis

Muscles

Cricothyreoideus (Cricothyroid)

Cricoarytænoideus posterior (posterior cricoarytenoid)
Cricoarytænoideus lateralis (lateral cricoarytenoid)
Arytænoideus
- Arytænoideus obliquus

Arytænoideus
- Aryepiglotticus
- Arytænoideus transversus
Thyreoarytænoideus (Thyroarytenoid)
- Vocalis
- Thyreoepiglotticus
- Ventricularis

Glands

arytenoid glands

the trachea and bronchi ()

trachea or windpipe

Right bronchus (bronchus dexter)
eparterial branch
hyparterial branch
Left bronchus (bronchus sinister)

cartilages of the trachea

transverse fibers (Trachealis muscle)

the pleurae ()

pleura - by layer
- pulmonary pleura
- parietal pleura

pleura - by layer
- pleural cavity
pleura - by position
- costal pleura
- diaphragmatic pleura
- cupula of the pleura (cervical pleura)
- mediastinal pleura
Reflections of the Pleura
- posterior mediastinum
- pulmonary ligament

Reflections of the Pleura
- pericardial pleura
- Sibson's fascia
- phrenicocostal sinus

Reflections of the Pleura
- costomediastinal sinus
Pulmonary ligament (ligamentum pulmonale; ligamentum latum pulmonis)

the mediastinum ()

Interpleural space
mediastinum
superior mediastinum

lower portion
- Anterior mediastinum
- Middle mediastinum

lower portion
- Posterior mediastinum

the lungs ()

Lungs (Pulmones)

Apex pulmonis
Basis pulmonis
Surfaces
- costal surface (facies costalis; external or thoracic surface)

Surfaces
- mediastinal surface (facies mediastinalis; inner surface)
  - cardiac impression
  - hilum of lung

Borders
- inferior border of lung (margo inferior)
- posterior border of lung (margo posterior)
- anterior border of lung (margo anterior)
  - cardiac notch
Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
- left lung
  - superior lobe
  - inferior lobe

Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs
- right lung
  - superior lobe
  - middle lobe
  - inferior lobe
Root of the lung (radix pulmonis)
Divisions of the Bronchi
- right bronchus
- eparterial bronchus
- hyparterial bronchi
- left bronchus

Structure
- intrapulmonary bronchi
- lobular bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- Atria of bronchi
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli or air sacs

Structure
- alveoli

Vessels and Nerves
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary capillaries
- pulmonary veins
- bronchial arteries
- bronchial vein

the digestive apparatus ()

Digestive tube (alimentary canal)

Development of the Digestive tube
- fore-gut
- hind-gut

Mouth
- stomodeum

Mouth
- primary labial groove
- secondary labial groove
- lateral swellings

Salivary glands

Tongue
- tuberculum impar

Tongue
- furcula
- copula
- foramen cecum

Palatine tonsils

Further Development of the Digestive tube
- yolk-stalk or vitelline duct
- ventral mesogastrium
- posterior common mesentery
- dorsal mesogastrium

Further Development of the Digestive tube
- mesocolon

Further Development of the Digestive tube
- bursa omentalis
- foramen epiploicum or foramen of Winslow

Further Development of the Digestive tube
- ventral mesogastrium

Rectum and Anal canal

The Rectum and Anal Canal
- entodermal cloaca
- cloacal membrane
- ectodermal cloaca
- urorectal septum
- cloacal duct

The Rectum and Anal Canal
- proctodeum
- anal membrane
- post-anal gut

the mouth ()

cavity of the mouth
vestibule (vestibulum oris)
rima
Mouth cavity proper (cavum oris proprium)
isthmus faucium
mucous membrane

Lips (labia oris)
frenulum
Labial glands (glandulœ labiales)

Cheeks (buccæ)
mucous membrane
molar glands
Gums (gingivœ)
Palate (palatum)
Hard palate (palatum durum)
Soft palate (palatum molle)
palatine velum
palatine uvula
pillars of the fauces

Teeth (dentes)

deciduous teeth

permanent teeth

General characteristics of teeth
- crown
- root
- neck
- surfaces of a tooth
  - buccal surface
  - lingual surface
  - surfaces of contact
- dental arches

Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
- Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or [...] teeth)

Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
- Incisors (dentes incisivi; incisive or [...] teeth)
  - crown
  - basal ridge (Cingulum)
- Canine teeth (dentes canini)

Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
- Canine teeth (dentes canini)
  - upper canine teeth (eye teeth)
  - lower canine teeth (stomach teeth)

Permanent teeth (dentes permanentes)
- Premolars or Bicuspid teeth (dentes præmolares)
- Molar teeth (dentes molares)
  - multicuspids
  - dens serotinus or wisdom-tooth
- Deciduous teeth (dentes decidui; temporary or milk teeth)
Structure of the teeth
- pulp cavity
- dental pulp
- odontoblasts of Waldeyer

Structure of the teeth
- enamel
- cement (crusta petrosa)
- dentin (substantia eburnea; ivory)
- dental canaliculi (dentinal tubules)
  - dentinal sheath of Neumann
  - Tomes' fibers or dentinal fibers

Structure of the teeth
- matrix (intertubular dentin)
  - incremental lines of Salter
  - interglobular spaces
  - granular layer
  - lines of Schreger
- enamel (substantia adamantina)
  - enamel fibers or enamel prisms (prismata adamantina)
  - parallel striae (colored lines of Retzius)
- crusta petrosa or cement (substantia ossea)

Development of the deciduous teeth
- labiodental lamina
- dental lamina
- common dental germ
- dental furrow
- special dental germs

Development of the deciduous teeth
- enamel cells (adamantoblasts)
- external enamel epithelium
- enamel organ
- Formation of the Enamel
  - enamel droplet
  - cuticula dentis (Nasmyth's membrane)
- Formation of the Dentin
  - dental sac
  - odontoblasts
  - prodentin
  - dentinal fibers (Tomes' fibers)

Development of the deciduous teeth
- Formation of the Cement
  - epithelial sheath
- Formation of the Alveoli
  - gubernaculum dentis
Development of the Permanent teeth
- successional permanent teeth
- superadded permanent teeth

Tongue (lingua)

Root (radix linguae base)
Apex (apex linguae tip)
Inferior Surface (facies inferior linguae under surface)
- frenulum linguæ
- plica fimbriata
Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
- median sulcus
- foramen cecum
- sulcus terminalis

Dorsum of the tongue (dorsum linguæ)
- lingual tonsil
Papillae of the tongue
- papillae vallatae (circumvallate papillae)
- papillae fungiformes (fungiform papillae)

Papillae of the tongue
- papillae filiformes (filiform papillae)

Papillae of the tongue
- papillae conicae (conical papilae)
- papillae simplices

Extrinsic muscles of tongue
- Genioglossus (Geniohyoglossus)
- Hyoglossus

Extrinsic muscles of tongue
- Chondroglossus
- Styloglossus
intrinsic muscles of tongue
- Longitudinalis linguæ superior (Superior lingualis)
- Longitudinalis linguæ inferior (Inferior lingualis)
- Transversus linguæ (Transverse lingualis)

intrinsic muscles of tongue
- Verticalis linguæ (Vertical lingualis)
Structure of the Tongue
- mucous membrane (tunica mucosa linguae)
- lingual tonsil
- papillae
- mucosa
- corium
Glands of the tongue
- mucous glands
- serous glands

Septum of tongue
hyoglossal membrane
Taste-buds
- papilla foliata
Vessels and Nerves
- lingual branch of the external carotid artery, external maxillary artery and ascending pharyngeal artery
- internal jugular vein
- sensory nerves of the tongue
  - lingual branch of the mandibular nerve
  - chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
  - lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
  - superior laryngeal nerve

Salivary glands

Salivary glands
Parotid gland (glandula parotis)

Parotid gland (glandula parotis)
- accessory part (socia parotidis)
- parotid duct (ductus parotideus; Stensen's duct)

Submaxillary gland (glandula submaxillaris)
- submaxillary duct (ductus submaxillaris; Wharton's duct)

Sublingual gland (glandula sublingualis)
- smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus)
- plica sublingualis
- larger sublingual duct (duct of Bartholin)
Structure of the Salivary Glands
- mucous alveoli
- crescents of Gianuzzi
- demilunes of Heidenhain
- serous alveoli

Structure of the Salivary Glands
- Langley's ganglion
accessory glands

the fauces ()

isthmus faucium
glossopalatine arch (arcus glossopalatinus; anterior pillar of fauces)
pharyngopalatine arch (arcus pharyngopalatinus; posterior pillar of fauces)
Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)

Palatine tonsils (tonsillae palatinae tonsil)
- supratonsillar fossa
- plica semilunaris
- plica triangularis
- tonsillar sinus
- medial surface of the tonsil
- lateral or deep surface of the tonsil
- lingual tonsil

palatine aponeurosis

Muscles of the palate
- Levator veli palatini (Levator palati)
- Tensor veli palatini (Tensor palati)
- Musculus uvulae (Azygos uvulae)
- Glossopalatinus (Palatoglossus)
- Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)

Muscles of the palate
- Pharyngopalatinus (Palatopharyngeus)
  - posterior fasciculus
  - anterior fasciculus

mucous membrane of the soft palate

the pharynx ()

pharynx
pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller)
Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx)
- pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube
- torus or cushion

Nasal part of the pharynx (pars nasalis pharyngis; nasopharynx)
- salpingopharyngeal fold
- salpingopalatine fold
- pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller)
- pharyngeal tonsil
- pharyngeal bursa
Oral part of the pharynx (pars oralis pharyngis)
- palatine tonsil
Laryngeal part of the pharynx (pars laryngea pharyngis)
- sinus piriformis
Muscles of the pharynx
- Constrictor pharyngis inferior (Inferior constrictor)

Muscles of the pharynx
- Constrictor pharyngis medius (Middle constrictor)
- Constrictor pharyngis superior (Superior constrictor)
  - sinus of Morgagni
- Stylopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus
Structure
- pharyngeal aponeurosis, or fibrous coat
- mucous coat

the esophagus ()

Esophagus or Gullet

Relations
- cervical portion of the esophagus
- thoracic portion of the esophagus

Relations
- abdominal portion of the esophagus
  - antrum cardiacum
Structure
- muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
- areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
- mucous coat (tunica mucosa)
  - muscularis mucosae
esophageal glands (glandulae aesophageæ)

the abdomen ()

abdomen
diaphragm of the pelvis
abdomen proper
Apertures in the Walls of the Abdomen
- umbilical
- vena caval opening
- aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus
Regions of the abdomen
- Transpyloric plane
- intertubercular plane

Regions of the abdomen
- hypogastric zones

Regions of the abdomen
- epigastric region
- right and left hypochondriac region
- umbilical region
- hypogastric or pubic region
- right and left iliac or inguinal region
pelvis
greater omentum
Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)

Peritoneum (Tunica serosa)
- visceral peritoneum
- parietal peritoneum
- subserous areolar tissue
- peritoneal cavity
  - omental bursa
  - epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)

Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
- ligamentum teres (obliterated umbilical vein)
- falciform ligament of the liver
- superior layer of the coronary ligament
- superior layer of the left triangular ligament
- inferior layer of the coronary ligament
- hepatorenal ligament
- bare area of the liver

Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
- right triangular ligament
- inferior layer of the left triangular ligament
- hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
- lesser omentum
- gastrocolic ligament or greater omentum
- transverse mesocolon
- mesentery
- sigmoid mesocolon

Vertical Disposition of the Main peritoneal cavity (greater sac)
- rectovesical excavation
- rectouterine excavation (pouch of Douglas)
- vesicouterine excavation
- broad ligaments of the uterus

Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)

Vertical Disposition of the Omental bursa (lesser peritoneal sac)
- gastrocolic ligament or greater omentum
Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
- In the Pelvis
  - sigmoid mesocolon

Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum

Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
- In the Pelvis
  - sigmoid mesocolon
  - pararectal fossa
  - rectovesical or sacrogenital folds
  - paravesical fossa
  - plica vesicalis transversa
  - torus uterinus
  - ovarian fossa

Horizontal Disposition of the Peritoneum
- In the Lower Abdomen
  - mesentery
- In the Upper Abdomen
  - phrenicolienal ligament
  - gastrolienal ligament
  - Omental bursa (bursa omentalis; lesser peritoneal sac)

epiploic foramen (foramen epiploicum; foramen of Winslow)
omental bursa
- vestibule
- gastropancreatic fold
- superior omental recess
- lienal recess
- inferior omental recess
omenta
- lesser omentum (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)

omenta
- lesser omentum (omentum minus; small omentum; gastrohepatic omentum)
  - hepatogastric ligament
  - hepatoduodenal ligament
  - fibrous capsule (Glisson’s capsule)
- greater omentum (omentum majus; great omentum; gastrocolic omentum)
mesenteries
- mesentery proper (mesenterium)
  - root of the mesentery
- transverse mesocolon (mesocolon transversum)
- sigmoid mesocolon (mesocolon sigmoideum)

phrenicocolic ligament
sustentaculum lienis
appendices epiploicæ

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
- Duodenal fossæ
  - inferior duodenal fossa
  - duodenomesocolic fold
  - superior duodenal fossa
  - duodenojejunal fold
  - duodenojejunal fossa

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
- Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
  - superior ileocecal fossa
  - inferior ileocecal fossa
  - ileocecal fold of peritoneum (bloodless fold of Treves)
  - cecal fossa

Peritoneal recesses or Fossæ (retroperitoneal fossæ)
- Cecal fossæ (pericecal folds or fossæ)
  - retrocecal fossæ
- intersigmoid fossa (recessus intersigmoideus)

the stomach ()

stomach
Openings
- cardiac orifice

Openings
- cardiac orifice
  - incisura cardiaca
- pyloric orifice
  - duodenopyloric constriction
Curvatures
- lesser curvature (curvatura ventriculi minor)
  - incisura angularis
- greater curvature (curvatura ventriculi major)
  - pyloric part
  - sulcus intermedius
  - pyloric antrum
Surfaces
- Antero-superior surface
- Postero-inferior surface
  - stomach bed
  - gastrophrenic ligament

Component Parts of the Stomach
- pyloric portion
- fundus
- pyloric antrum

Component Parts of the Stomach
- pyloric valve (valvula pylori)
Structure (layers)
- serous coat (tunica serosa)
- muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
- longitudinal fibers (stratum longitudinale)

Structure (layers)
- circular fibers (stratum circulare)

Structure (layers)
- oblique fibers (fibræ obliquæ)
- areolar or submucous coat (tela submucosa)
- mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
Gastric glands
- pyloric glands
- cardiac glands
- fundus glands

Gastric glands
- chief cells or central cells
- parietal cells or oxyntic cells
- lenticular glands

the small intestine ()

small intestine
Duodenum

Duodenum
- superior portion (pars superior; first portion)
- descending portion (pars descendens; second portion)

Duodenum
- horizontal portion (pars horizontalis; third or preaortic or transverse portion)
- ascending portion (pars ascendens; fourth portion)
  - duodenojejunal flexure
Jejunum (intestinum jejunum)
- circular folds (valvulæ conniventes)

Ileum (intestinum ileum)
- mesentery

Meckel's diverticulum (diverticulum ilei)

structures of the small intestines
- circular folds (plicæ circulares [Kerkringi]; valvulæ conniventes; valves of Kerkring)

structures of the small intestines
- intestinal villi (villi intestinales)
- intestinal glands (glandulæ intestinales; crypts of Lieberkühn)

structures of the small intestines
- duodenal glands (glandulæ duodenales; Brunner's glands)
- solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici solitarii; solitary glands)
- aggregated lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatici aggregati; Peyer's patches; Peyer's glands; agminated follicles; tonsillæ intestinales)

nerves of the small intestines
- myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus)
- plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus)

the large intestine ()

large intestine (Intestinum Crassum)
Cecum (intestinum cæcum)
- caput cæcum coli

Vermiform process or Appendix (processus vermiformis)

Colic valve (valvula coli; ileocecal valve)
- frenula of the valve

Colon
Ascending colon (colon ascendens)
- colic impression
- right colic flexure or hepatic flexure
Transverse colon (colon transversum)
- left colic flexure or splenic flexure

Transverse colon (colon transversum)
- transverse mesocolon
- left colic or splenic flexure
- phrenicocolic ligament
Descending colon (colon descendens)

Descending colon (colon descendens)
- Iliac colon
Sigmoid colon (colon sigmoideum; pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure)
- sigmoid mesocolon

Rectum (intestinum rectum)
- rectal ampulla
- Houston's valves

Anal canal (pars analis recti)

Anal canal (pars analis recti)
- anococcygeal body
- perineal body
- rectal columns
- rectal sinuses
- anal valves
Structure of the colon

Structure of the colon
- appendices epiploicæ
- longitudinal bands or tæniæ
- Rectococcygeal muscles

Structure of the colon
- solitary lymphatic nodules (noduli lymphatic solitarii)
Vessels and Nerves
- hemorrhoidal plexus
Congenital hernia

the liver ()

Liver (Hepar)
bile

Surfaces of liver

superior surface (facies superior)
inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
- gastric impression
- tuber omentale
- quadrate lobe
- colic impression
- renal impression

inferior surface (facies inferior; visceral surface)
- duodenal impression
- caudate process
posterior surface (facies posterior)

posterior surface (facies posterior)
- suprarenal impression
- caudate lobe
- caudate process
- papillary process
anterior border (margo anterior)
- umbilical notch
- left extremity of the liver

Fossæ

left sagittal fossa (fossa sagittalis sinistra; longitudinal fissure)
fossa for the umbilical vein
pons hepatis
fossa for the ductus venosus
ligamentum venosum
porta or transverse fissure (porta hepatis)
fossa for the gall-bladder (fossa vesicæ felleæ)
fossa for the inferior vena cava (fossa venæ cavæ)

Lobes

right lobe (lobus hepatis dexter)

quadrate lobe (lobus quadratus)
caudate lobe (lobus caudatus; Spigelian lobe)
caudate process
left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister)

Ligaments

falciform ligament (ligamentum falciforme hepatis)
coronary ligament (ligamentum coronarium hepatis)
hepatorenal ligament
right triangular ligament (ligamentum triangulare dextrum)

left triangular ligament (ligamentum triangulare sinistrum)
round ligament (ligamentum teres hepatis)
septum transversum

Development of liver

hepatic cylinders
sinusoids

Vessels and Nerves

hepatic artery
portal vein
fibrous capsule of Glisson
hepatic veins
lymphatic vessels

Structure of the Liver

serous coat (tunica serosa)
fibrous coat (capsula fibrosa; areolar coat)
lobules (lobuli hepatis)
interlobular plexus

Microscopic Appearance

intralobular vein
sublobular veins
hepatic artery
vaginal branches
capsular branches
interlobular branches
portal vein
interlobular plexus

intralobular vein
sublobular vein
bile ducts
intercellular biliary passages (bile capillaries)

Excretory Apparatus of the Liver

hepatic duct (ductus hepaticus)
gallbladder (vesica fellea)
- fundus

gallbladder (vesica fellea)
- Structure of gallbladder
  - external or serous coat (tunica serosa vesicæ felleæ)
  - fibromuscular coat (tunica muscularis vesicæ felleæ)
  - internal or mucous coat (tunica mucosa vesicæ felleæ)
Cystic duct (ductus cysticus)
Common bile duct (ductus choledochus)

ampulla of Vater

the pancreas ()

pancreas
pancreatic juice

Relations
Head of pancreas
- uncinate process

Head of pancreas
- Anterior surface of pancreas
- Posterior surface of pancreas
Neck of pancreas
Body of pancreas (corpus pancreatis)
- anterior surface of pancreas (facies anterior)
  - tuber omentale
- posterior surface of pancreas (facies posterior)
- inferior surface of pancreas (facies inferior)
- superior border (margo superior)
- anterior border (margo anterior)
- inferior border (margo inferior)
Tail of pancreas (cauda pancreatis)

Pancreatic duct (ductus pancreaticus; duct of Wirsung)
- accessory pancreatic duct (duct of Santorini)
Development

Development
- accessory pancreatic duct
- pancreatic duct
Structure

Structure
- centroacinar cells of Langerhans
- paranucleus
- interalveolar cell islets (islands of Langerhans)
Vessels and Nerves

the urogenital apparatus

development of the urinary and generative organs ()

urinary organs
genital organs

The Pronephros and Wolffian Duct
- pronephric duct
- Wolffian duct
- pronephros

The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
- Wolffian tubules
- mesonephros (Wolffian body)

The Mesonephros, Müllerian Duct, and Genital Gland
- urogenital fold
- epoöphoron or organ of Rosenmüller
- paroöphoron
- duct of Gärtner

Müllerian ducts

Müllerian ducts
- genital cord
- Müllerian eminence
- appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni)

Genital glands
- genital ridge
- mesorchium or mesovarium

Ovary
- germinal epithelium
- primitive ova
- genital cords

Ovary
- germinal path

Testis
Descent of the Testes
- mesorchium
- inguinal fold
- inguinal crest

Descent of the Testes
- gubernaculum testis
- plica vascularis
- plica gubernatrix
- saccus vaginalis
- tunica vaginalis

Descent of the Ovaries
- canal of Nuck

The Metanephros and the Permanent Kidney
Metanephros

Urinary bladder
- vesico-urethral portion
- pelvic portion

Urinary bladder
- phallic portion
- urogenital sinus
- medial umbilical ligament (urachus)

Prostate
- Skene's ducts
- bulbo-urethral glands of Cowper
- greater vestibular glands of Bartholin

External organs of generation
- cloacal tubercle
- phallus
- genital tubercle

External organs of generation
- genital swellings
- corpora cavernosa

External organs of generation
- prepuce

Urethra
- urethral plate
- primitive urogenital ostium

the urinary organs

the kidneys ()

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
kidneys

Relations
- anterior surface (facies anterior)

Relations
- Posterior surface (facies posterior)

Borders
lateral border (margo lateralis; external border)

Borders
medial border (margo medialis; internal border)
- hilum

Extremities
- superior extremity (extremitas superior)
- inferior extremity (extremitas inferior)

Fixation of the Kidney
- adipose capsule (Renal capsule)
- renal fascia
- paranephric body

General Structure of the Kidney
- renal sinus
- renal calyces
- renal pelvis
- medullary substance (substantia medullaris) (Renal medulla)
- renal pyramids
- cortical substance (substantia corticalis) (Renal cortex)
- renal columns
- cortical arches

Minute Anatomy
- renal tubules
- renal corpuscles
- glomerulus
- afferent vessel
- efferent vessel

Minute Anatomy
glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)

Minute Anatomy
- renal tubules
- proximal convoluted tube
- spiral tube
- descending limb of Henle's loop
- loop of Henle
- ascending limb of Henle’s loop
- zigzag tubule
- distal convoluted tubule
- junctional tube
- straight tubes or collecting tubes
- duct of Bellini

The Renal Bloodvessels
- inferior renal artery
- arteriae propriae renales
- interlobular arteries
- end-arteries

The Renal Bloodvessels
- arteriæ rectæ (vasa recta)
- venae stellatae
- interlobular veins

The Renal Bloodvessels
- venae rectae
- venae propriae renales
- renal vein
- lymphatics

the ureters ()

ureters
calyces
renal pelvis

Ureter proper
abdominal part (pars abdominalis)
pelvic part (pars pelvina)
ovarian fossa

Structure
- fibrous coat (tunica adventitia)
- muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
- mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

the urinary bladder ()

urinary bladder
Empty bladder
- fundus
- vertex
- superior surface
- paravesical fossa

Empty bladder
- inferior surface
- retropubic pad
Distended bladder

Distended bladder
- postero-superior surface
- antero-inferior surface
- fundus
- summit
Bladder in the Child

Female bladder

Ligaments
- Pubovesicales
- Rectovesicales
- middle umbilical ligament
- false ligaments of the bladder
- middle umbilical fold
- lateral umbilical folds
Interior of the Bladder
- trigonum vesicae

Interior of the Bladder
- torus uretericus
- plicæ uretericæ
- orifices of the ureters
- internal urethral orifice
- uvula vesicae
Structure of the Bladder
- serous coat (tunica serosa)
- muscular coat (tunica muscularis)

Structure of the Bladder
- muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
  - Detrusor urinae muscle
  - Sphincter vesicae
  - muscles of the ureters
- submucous coat (tela submucosa)
- mucous coat (tunica mucosa)

the male urethra ()

male urethra
prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
- urethral crest
- prostatic sinus
- orifices of the prostatic ducts
- colliculus seminalis
- prostatic utricle (sinus pocularis)

prostatic portion (pars prostatica)
- uterus masculinus
membranous portion (pars membranacea)
cavernous portion (pars cavernosa; penile or spongy portion)
- fossa navicularis urethrae
external urethral orifice (orificium urethrae externum; meatus urinarius)
lining membrane of the urethra
- urethral glands
- lacunae
  - lacuna magna
Structure
- mucous coat
- submucous tissue
Congenital defects

the female urethra ()

female urethra
urethral crest

the male genital organs

the testes and their coverings ()

Testes

Scrotum
- Raphé of scrotum
- integument

Scrotum
- Dartos tunic
Intercrural fascia (intercolumnar or external spermatic fascia)
Cremaster

Infundibuliform fascia (tunica vaginalis communis)
Tunica vaginalis
Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis)
Spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus)
- internal spermatic artery

- external spermatic artery
- artery of the ductus deferens

Spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus)
- spermatic veins
- plexus pampiniformis
Testes

epididymis
- duct of the testis
- sinus of the epididymis (digital fossa)
Appendages of the Testis and Epididymis
- appendix of the testis (hydatid of Morgagni)
- appendix of the epididymis (pedunculated hydatid)
tunics
- Tunica vaginalis (tunica vaginalis propria testis)
  - visceral lamina (lamina visceralis)
  - parietal lamina (lamina parietalis)
- Tunica albuginea

tunics
- Tunica albuginea
  - mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori)
- Tunica vasculosa
Structure
- lobules of testis
- tubuli seminiferi
- interstitial cells
- spermatozoa
  - spermatogonia
  - intermediate cells or spermatocytes
  - spermatoblasts or spermatids
  - spermatozoön
- supporting cells (cells of Sertoli)

Structure
- tubuli recti
- rete testis
- ductuli efferentes
- coni vasculosi

the ductus deferens ()

ductus deferens

ampulla of ductus deferens

Ductuli aberrantes
- ductulus aberrans inferior (vas aberrans of Haller)
- ductulus aberrans superior

Paradidymis (organ of Giraldés)

the vesiculæ seminales ()

Excretory duct of seminal gland

the ejaculatory ducts ()

vesiculæ seminales

ejaculatory ducts

the penis ()

Penis

Corpora cavernosa penis
- crura
- bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis
- septum of the penis
- septum pectiniforme
Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum)
- glans penis

Corpus cavernosum urethræ (corpus spongiosum)
- corona glandis
- retroglandular sulcus
root (radix penis)
- fundiform ligament
- suspensory ligament
body (corpus penis)

extremity
integument
- prepuce or foreskin
- frenulum
- preputial glands
- preputial sac
Structure of the Penis
- trabeculae
  - trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis
  - trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis (listed as corpus cavernosum urethrae)

Vessels and Nerves
- helicine arteries

the prostate ()

prostate

base (basis prostatae)
apex (apex prostatae)
Surfaces
- posterior surface (facies posterior)
  - middle lobe
  - left lateral lobe
  - isthmus
- anterior surface (facies anterior)
- lateral surfaces

- Levatores prostatae

Structure
- muscular tissue
- glandular substance
  - prostatic ducts
  - amyloid bodies

Vessels and Nerves

the bulbourethral glands ()

Glandulæ bulbourethrales; Cowper's glands

the female genital organs ()

internal female genital organs
- ovaries
- uterine tubes
- uterus
- vagina
external female genital organs
- mons pubis
- labia majora et minora pudendi
- clitoris
- bulbus vestibuli
- greater vestibular glands

the ovaries ()

ovaries
ovarian fossa
suspensory ligament of the ovary
ligament of the ovary

mesovarium

Epoöphoron (parovarium; organ of Rosenmüller)
- ductuli transversi
- ductus longitudinalis epoöphori (duct of Gärtner)

Paroöphoron

Structure
- germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

Structure
- stroma
- tunica albuginea

Vesicular ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles)
- medullary substance (zona vasculosa of Waldeyer)
- membrana granulosa
- discus proligerus

Discharge of the Ovum

Corpus luteum

Vessels and Nerves
- pampiniform plexus

the uterus ()

Uterus (Womb)

internal orifice of the uterus
Body (corpus uteri)
- vesical or anterior surface (facies vesicalis)
- intestinal or posterior surface (facies intestinalis)
- fundus (fundus uteri)
- lateral margins (margo lateralis)
  - broad ligament
Cervix (cervix uteri; neck)
- supravaginal portion (portio supravaginalis cervicis)
  - parametrium

Cervix (cervix uteri; neck)
- vaginal portion (portio vaginalis cervicis)
  - external orifice of the uterus
Interior of the Uterus
- Cavity of the body (cavum uteri)
- Canal of the cervix (canalis cervicis uteri)
  - palmate folds
  - arbor vitae uterina
ligaments of the uterus
- anterior ligament
- posterior ligament
  - rectouterine excavation
  - sacrogenital folds or rectouterine folds
  - uterosacral ligaments
- two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)

ligaments of the uterus
- two lateral or broad ligaments (ligamentum latum uteri)
  - mesosalpinx
  - infundibulopelvic ligament
- round ligaments (ligamentum teres uteri)
  - canal of Nuck
- ligamentum transversalis colli

structure of uterus
- serous coat (tunica serosa)
- muscular coat (tunica muscularis)
- mucous membrane (tunica mucosa)
  - uterine glands
  - ovula Nabothi

nerves of uterus

the vagina ()

vagina
posterior fornix
columns of the vagina
Bulbocavernosus
erectile tissue

the external genital organs ()

pudendum or vulva

Mons pubis (commissura labiorum anterior; mons Veneris)

Labia majora (labia majora pudendi)
- pudendal cleft or rima
- anterior labial commissure
- posterior labial commissure
- perineum

Labia minora (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
- frenulum of the labia or fourchette

Labia minora (labia minora pudendi; nymphæ)
- preputium clitoridis
- frenulum of the clitoris

Clitoris
- free extremity (glans clitoridis)

Vestibule (vestibulum vaginæ)
- vestibule of the vagina (vestibulum vaginæ)
- external urethral orifice (orificium urethræ externum; urinary meatus)
- vaginal orifice
- hymen
- imperforate hymen
- carunculae hymenales
- navicular fossa

Bulb of the vestibule (bulbus vestibuli; vaginal bulb)
- pars intermedia

Greater vestibular glands (glandulæ vestibularis major [Bartholini]; Bartholin's glands)

the mammæ ()

Mammary gland; Breasts
mammæ
Mammary papilla or Nipple (papilla mammæ)
areola
areolar glands

tubuli lactiferi
ampullæ
colostrum corpuscles
circulus venosus

the ductless glands

the thyroid gland ()

Thyroid gland (Glandula Thyreiodea; Thyroid body)
lobes of thyroid gland (lobuli gl. thyreoideæ)

thyroid isthmus (isthmus gl. thyreoidea)
pyramidal lobe
Levator glandulæ thyreoideæ
accessory thyroid glands (glandulæ thyreoideæ accessoriæ)
thyroglossal duct

the parathyroid glands ()

parathyroid glands

ultimo-branchial bodies

the thymus ()

thymus

corpuscles of Hassall

the hypophysis cerebri ()

hypophysis (pituitary body)

Development of the Hypophysis cerebri

pouch of Rathke
craniopharyngeal canal

the pineal body ()

pineal body (epiphysis)

the chromaphil and cortical systems ()

Chromaphil or chromaffin cells

paraganglia
aortic glands or aortic bodies

Suprarenal glands (Glandulæ Suprarenalis; Adrenal capsule)

Development

Relations
- right suprarenal
- hilum

Relations
- left suprarenal
- accessory suprarenals (glandulæ suprarenales accessoriæ)

Structure
- cortical portion (substantia corticalis)
  - zona glomerulosa
  - zona fasciculata
  - zona reticularis
- medullary portion (substantia medullaris)

Glomus caroticum (Carotid glands; Carotid bodies)
Glomus coccygeum (Coccygeal gland or Body; Luschka's gland)

the spleen ()

spleen (lien)
Relations
- diaphragmatic surface (facies diaphragmatica; external or phrenic surface)
- visceral surface
- gastric surface (facies gastrica)
  - hilum

Relations
- renal surface (facies renalis)
- superior extremity (extremitas superior)
- lower extremity or colic surface (extremitas inferior)
- anterior border (margo anterior)
- posterior border (margo posterior)
- inferior border (internal border)
- phrenicolienal ligament
- gastrolienal ligament
- accessory spleens (lien accessorius; supernumerary spleen)
Structure
- external coat or serous coat (tunica serosa)
- fibroelastic coat (tunica albuginea)
- trabeculæ

Structure
- areolae
- splenic pulp (pulpa lienis)
- splenic cells

Bloodvessels of the Spleen
- lienal artery
- lymphatic nodules (Malpighian bodies of the spleen)