List of dictators

: For a list of Roman dictators, see Roman dictator.; See also the related lists at the end of this article.

The following is a list of national leaders (heads of state and/or heads of government) commonly regarded as modern dictators. This usage usually carries a pejorative sense and refers to a ruler who:

is an absolute ruler of a sovereign state;
governs outside the otherwise accepted rule of law;
commonly (but not necessarily) gained power through fraud or a coup d'état, or resorts to them to stay in power;
may develop a cult of personality;
may be autocratic, oppressive, despotic or tyrannical.

Some so-called "benevolent dictators" may be viewed as beneficial and their leadership seen as a "necessary evil". The modern usage of the term 'dictator' developed largely in response to instances of autocratic rule in republics, so traditional monarchs are not usually described as dictators in historical commentary. Also excluded from this list are those who held absolute power during national emergencies, but restored the rule of law soon thereafter. Otherwise those included have been widely cited by historians or described by the media as dictators. Any controversy surrounding such characterisation is mentioned in the notes.

The list is sorted according to when each dictator began their years in power. This refers to any years in office as a head of state, government or the like before their dictatorship was established. Any years of elected and judicial rule may be indicated parenthetically.

Africa

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Gamal Abdel Nasser	Egypt	1954–1970	Prime Minister of Egypt 1954-1962; President of Egypt 1956-1970. Part of a group of officers in control of Egypt after the coup against British supported King Farouk in 1952; In February 1954, Nasser forced President Muhammad Naguib to appoint him prime minister and give up most practical power to him; later in that year Naguib resigned and Nasser became president by self-appointment; elected by popular vote (as only candidate) in 1956, and subsequently. Many personalistic elements to Nasser's rule, but nominal parliamentary system under Nasser's 1956-1970 presidency , until his death in 1970.
Ahmed Sékou Touré	Guinea	1958–1984	President of Guinea. Widely described as a dictator (see 1, 2) with estimates of up to 50,000 extra-judicial killings during his rule (see 3) and 250,000 Guineans fleeing his rule (4).
David Dacko	Central African Republic	1960–1966 1979–1981	President of the Central African Republic. Banned opposition (see 5); Gained power by coup in 1979, though subsequently stood for election (see 6).
Modibo Keita	Mali	1960–1968	Schoolteacher and first president of Mali. Forced socialization and extensive protectionism severely harmed the economy and continued the country's dependence on aid donors. Discontent with these policies led Keita to implement his own "Cultural Revolution" and establish a network of people's militias to inform on and punish dissent. In the last few years of his presidency, full powers were vested in an extralegal "National Committee for Defense of the Revolution". He was deposed in a military coup.
François Tombalbaye	Chad	1960–1975	Head of State 1960-1962; President of Chad 1962-1975. Never fought a contested election; imprisoned opposition leaders. Launched a "Cultural Revolution" in the early 1970s encouraging authenticité.
Félix Houphouët-Boigny	Côte d'Ivoire	1960–1993	President of Côte d'Ivoire. Ruled until 1990 with all opposition banned, but not considered particularly repressive. Relocated the official capital to his home village of Yamoussoukro and constructed the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro, the largest religious structure in Africa.
Milton Obote	Uganda	1962–1972 1980–1985	Prime Minister of Uganda 1962-1966; President of Uganda 1966-1971 and 1980-1985. Suspended the constitution and declared himself President and Prime Minister in 1966.
Hastings Kamuzu Banda	Malawi	1963–1994	Prime Minister of Malawi 1963-1966; President of Malawi 1966-1994. Banned all opposition in 1966; declared himself President for Life in 1971; exiled and killed opposition leaders. Ordered that a letter bomb be sent to exiled opposition leader Attati Mpakati; suspected of being involved in the car crash deaths of senior Congress Party leaders; violently crushed an attempted rebellion. Aged 98, he allowed and lost a free election in 1994.
Kenneth Kaunda	Zambia	1964–1991	President of the Republic of Zambia 1964-1991.Elected 1964, banned all political parties in Zambia, viewed himself as "WAMUYAYA" (eternal President).Accused of torturing political opponents.Defeated by Frederick Chiluba in 1991.
Houari Boumediene	Algeria	1965–1978	President of Algeria from June 19, 1965 to his death, (December 27, 1978); Chairman of the Revolutionary Council until December 12, 1976). In June 1965, Boumédienne seized power in a bloodless coup. Initially lacking a personal power base, he was seen as a weak ruler. But after a botched coup attempt against him by military officers in 1967 he tightened his rule, and then remained Algeria's undisputed ruler until his death in 1978.
Modibo Keita	Mali	1960–1968	Schoolteacher and first president of Mali. Forced socialization and extensive protectionism severely harmed the economy and continued the country's dependence on aid donors. Discontent with these policies led Keita to implement his own "Cultural Revolution" and establish a network of people's militias to inform on and punish dissent. In the last few years of his presidency, full powers were vested in an extralegal "National Committee for Defense of the Revolution". He was deposed in a military coup.
Jean-Bédel Bokassa	Central African Republic	1966–1979	President of the Central African Republic 1966-1976; Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire 1976-1979. Bokassa overthrew the autocratic Dacko in a swift coup d'état and assumed power as president of the Republic and head of the sole political party, the Mouvement pour l'évolution sociale de l'Afrique Noire (MESAN). Bokassa abolished the constitution of 1959 on January 4 and began to rule by decree. He proclaimed himself emperor in 1976 (see 7).
Gnassingbé Eyadéma	Togo	1967–2005	President of Togo. Gained power in a coup; never fought a contested election until 1998; banned, tortured and killed opposition. Fostered a cult of personality that was reinforced after he was the sole survivor of an airplane crash in 1974. In late 1991, troops loyal to Eyadéma closed a constitutional conference that had shifted most executive power to a new transitional government and banned Eyadéma's RPT party. January 1993 saw a mass exodus of residents to neighboring states after security forces fired on pro-democracy demonstrators. Further repression followed a purported 1994 coup attempt (see8).
Omar Bongo	Gabon	1967–2009	As vice president, he acceded to the presidency following the death of President Léon M'ba. In 1968, Bongo decreed a one-party state under his Gabonese Democratic Party and was thrice elected unopposed in the 1970s and 1980s. He became very wealthy during the country's oil boom. Open elections were held in 1990 and Bongo was re-elected in 1993, 1998 and 2005. Observers have criticized the elections as unfair and corruption watchdogs have accused the president of nepotism. Riots resulting from the mysterious death in 1990 of prominent dissident Joseph Rendjambe in a government hotel room were put down by French troops.
Moussa Traoré	Mali	1968–1991	Chairman of the Military National Liberation Committee 1968-1969; Head of State 1969-1979; President of Mali 1979-1991. Seized power in a coup; banned all opposition; installed a police state; established one-party state in 1979.
Francisco Macías Nguema	Equatorial Guinea	1968–1979	President of Equatorial Guinea 1968-1979. Elected in 1968 but declared himself President for Life in 1972; "extreme personality cult"; over a third of population fled his regime. Banned fishing and sanctioned the deaths of most of his pre-independence political rivals, including ex-prime minister Bonifacio Ondó Edu and foreign minister Atanasio Ndongo Miyone. Declared an atheist state by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. As many as 50,000 civilians were killed, in particular those of the Bubi ethnic minority on Bioko associated with relative wealth and intellectualism.
Gaafar Nimeiry	Sudan	1969–1985	Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 1969-1971; President of Sudan 1971-1985. Gained power in a military coup, banned opposition, dissolved southern Sudanese government, imposed sharia law. Executed several leading communists (the most prominent being Abdel Khaliq Mahjub and Joseph Garang) after a botched 1971 coup attempt.
Mohamed Siad Barre	Somalia	1969–1991	Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council 1969-1976; President of Somalia 1976-1991. In 1969, during the power vacuum following the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup and took over. Barre was to rule for the next twenty-two years. He attempted to develop a personality cult; large posters of him were common in the capital Mogadishu during his reign, many of which can still be seen today. He dreamed of a "Greater Somalia" and tried unsuccessfully to annex the Ogaden—legally Ethiopian territory—in 1977 to realize this end (see Ogaden War).
Anwar Sadat	Egypt	1970-1981	President of Egypt 1970-1981. Unelected, suppressed opposition in what was termed "The Corrective Revolution". Assassinated.
Idi Amin	Uganda	1971–1979	President of Uganda, later (1976) declared as for Life. Deposed in 1979 after declaring war on Tanzania.
Mengistu Haile Mariam	Ethiopia	1974–1991	Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council (Derg) in 1974 and 1977-1987; President of Ethiopia 1987-1991. One-party state; repression of opposition; tens of thousands of extra-judicial killings.
Olusegun Obasanjo	Nigeria	1976-1979	Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria between 1976 and 1979. Elected President of Nigeria in 1999. Chairman of the African Union 2004-2006.
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza	Burundi	1976–1987	President of Burundi. Widely described as a military dictator (see 9, 10).
Albert René	Seychelles	1977–2004	President of Seychelles. Deposed the elected president Sir James Mancham and promulgated a one-party constitution after a period of rule by decree. Created the National Youth Service (NYS), a compulsory educational institution that included traditional curricula interlaced with political indoctrination and paramilitary training.
Daniel arap Moi	Kenya	1978–2002	President of Kenya. Changed constitution to establish a de jure one-party state; resorted to repressive rule, including torture and imprisonment without trial.
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo	Equatorial Guinea	1979–present	Chairman of the Supreme Military Council 1979-1982; President of Equatorial Guinea 1982-present. Deposed his uncle in a violent coup; opposition is banned in all but name.
José Eduardo dos Santos	Angola	1979–present	President of Angola. One-party state; did not stand for election until 1992 (see 11).
João Bernardo Vieira	Guinea-Bissau	1980-1984 and 2005-present	become president by a coup. [...] and exiled opposition. faoumes for the Guinea-Bissau Civil War.
Samuel K. Doe	Liberia	1980–1990	Chairman of the People's Redemption Council 1980-1984; President of Liberia 1984-1990. Gained power in a military coup that killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr., a reformer. Promoted Krahn chauvinism and "died a multi-millionaire and proud owner of mansions and estates" (see12).
Robert Mugabe	Zimbabwe	1980–present	Gained power through election, and repeatedly re-elected, but criticized for steps used to maintain power. From 1999 on, used police and militant groups like the War Veterans Association and Border Gezi Youth to enforce ZANU-PF policies and to prevent opponents from voting; called "king" by his aides.13 Arrested and tortured opponents and human rights activists; gave amnesty to murderers of his political opponents in 2000; ignores court rulings.14 Criticized as dictator by Desmond Tutu15 and Vladimir Putin16.
Jerry Rawlings	Ghana	1981-1992	Gained power in a military coup during 1979 but handed it over. Re-took power in another coup of 1981. Elected President in 1992 and again in 1996 before standing aside as per the constitution.
André Kolingba	Central African Republic	1981–1993	Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery 1981-1985; President of the Central African Republic 1985-1993. Gained power in a coup; persecuted opposition; allowed (and lost) free elections in 1993. Attempted second coup in 2001.
Hosni Mubarak	Egypt	1981-present	President of Egypt. Did not stand in a contested election until 2005, when a highly-restricted democratic process was allowed.
Paul Biya	Cameroon	1982–present	He served under President Ahmadou Ahidjo and became Prime Minister in 1975. Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982 and Biya became president. After years of totalitarian rule, he allowed the creation of opposition parties in 1990 but his re-elections have been marked by widespread fraud and intimidation.
Hissène Habré	Chad	1982–1990	Chairman of the Council of State 1982; President of Chad 1982-1990. Gained power in a coup; abolished post of Prime Minister; executed opposition leaders.
Thomas Sankara	Burkina Faso	1983-1987	President of Upper Volta 1983-1984; President of Burkina Faso 1984-1987. Gained power in coup. Led military regime. Overthrown and killed in coup.
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya	Mauritania	1984–2005	Deposed the military head of state, Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, on December 1984 and declared himself Chairman of the Military Committee for National Salvation. Deposed by Ely Ould Mohamed Vall in a bloodless coup d'état.
Ibrahim Babangida	Nigeria	1985-1993	Annulled the most free and fair presidential election in the history of Nigeria, leading to the death of the presidenstial candidate Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola.
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali	Tunisia	1987–present	President of Tunisia. Although he announced political pluralism in 1992, his Democratic Constitutional Rally (formerly Neo-Destour party) continues to dominate the national politics and there is no genuine open political debate. In 1999, although two unknown alternative candidates were permitted for the first time to stand in the presidential elections, Ben Ali was re-elected with 99.66% of the vote. A controversial constitutional referendum in 2002 allowed him to seek re-election and contemplate the possibility of remaining in office until 2014. On October 24, 2004, he was again re-elected, officially taking 94.48% of the vote. Certain books, periodicals and internet sites are banned or blocked. The National Television frequently show his actions during a week, but often the President only appears in passing on television.
Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir	Sudan	1989–present	President of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation 1989-1993; President of Sudan 1993-present. Took power in a military coup and increasingly centralized power into himself. Widely believed to be implicated in the Darfur Janjaweed pogroms.
Idriss Déby	Chad	1990–present	Head of State 1990-1991; President of Chad 1991 to date. Gained power in a coup; continues to suppress opposition and press (see 17).
Sani Abacha	Nigeria	1993–1998	Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council 1993-1998. Seized power in a coup; persecuted opposition; never stood for election. Jailed Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, the presumed winner of the annulled 1993 presidential election; presided over execution of activist Ken Saro-Wiwa.
Yahya Jammeh	The Gambia	1994-Present	President of The Gambia. Gained power in coup d'état. Right to the press and free speech suppressed. Stood for three elections (1996, 2001, and 2006); last election deemed unfair by opposition.
Laurent-Désiré Kabila	Congo-Kinshasa	1997–2001	President of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Overthrew Mobutu Sese Seko in coup. No elections held during ongoing, interstate First and Second Congo Wars.
Charles G. Taylor	Liberia	1997–2003	President of Liberia 1997-2003. Elected, but widely described as a dictator (see18, 19, 20). Linked to "blood diamonds" and illegal arms trading. Believed to have interfered frequently in the internal affairs of neighboring states while a warlord, before his election to the presidency.
François Bozizé	Central African Republic	2003–present	President of the Central African Republic 2003 to date. Gained power in a coup and suspended the constitution, though he has restored some democracy (see 21).
Ely Ould Mohamed Vall	Mauritania	2005-2007	Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy. Gained power via a military coup. Though he has said to relinquish power to an elected government in 2007.

The Americas

North America

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Agustín de Iturbide	Mexico	1822 - 1823	Shortly after the Mexican War of Independence, he was declared Emperor of Mexico in 1822. Repressive, cracked down on free speech and any opposition. Desposed when popular opposition forced him to abdicate.
Antonio López de Santa Anna	Mexico	1833 - 1855 (intermittent)	President or Provisional President of Mexico 1833-1837, then 1841 to February 1844, June to December 1844, March to September 1847 and finally 1853-1855. When Anastasio Bustamante led a coup overthrowing and [...] President Vicente Guerrero, Santa Anna seized power and then was elected President in 1833. At first he gave a free hand to his vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías, a liberal reformer. Later he dismissed Gómez Farías, declared the Constitution suspended, disbanded the Congress and worked to concentrate power in the central government. He was overthrown and restored to power several times before his final overthrow in 1855.
Porfirio Díaz	Mexico	1879 - 1910	Interim president 1876-1877; President of Mexico 1877-1880, 1884-1911. De facto ruler 1880-1884. Gained power in a coup, after his Revolution of Tuxtepac overthrew his predecessor, Lerdo. He did not run for reelection after his first term in order to keep his one-term promises that he made during his revolution. However, he retook the presidency a few years later and did not leave from power until the Revolution of 1910 kicked him from the Presidency. His rule saw the rapid modernization of Mexico, progress mainly caused by Diaz's encouragement of foreign investment in the country's infrastructure. However, the poor became quite miserable during this time. Political opposition was squelched and rebellions were put down by the rurals, Diaz's personal guard. He was eventually overthrown by the Revolution which lasted 10 years.
Victoriano Huerta	Mexico	1913 - 1914	Appointed president, established a military dictatorship for about a year, and then was forced to resign.

Central America

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Rafael Carrera	Guatemala	1844–1848 1851–1865	President of Guatemala. Gained power in a coup; styled himself President for Life.
William Walker	Nicaragua	1856-1857	An american fillibuster takes over and proclaims himself President of Nicaragua. Tried to conquer several central american countries. Eventually executed.
Justo Rufino Barrios	Guatemala	1873–1885	President of Guatemala. Gained power in a bloody coup, but introduced reforms.
Manuel Estrada Cabrera	Guatemala	1898–1920	President of Guatemala. Never elected; subverted constitution; widely described as a dictator. Constructed numerous large Hellenic-style temples as monuments to his rule.
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez	El Salvador	1931–1934 1935–1944	Acting President 1931-1934; President of El Salvador 1935-1944. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; oversaw massacre of between ten and forty thousand suspected opponents. Presided over La Matanza in 1932, a massacre ([...]) of communists, suspected communists, campesinos and Pipil Indians (see 23).
Jorge Ubico	Guatemala	1931–1944	President of Guatemala. Elected, but suppressed opposition and "assumed dictatorial powers".
Tiburcio Carías Andino	Honduras	1933–1949	President of Honduras. Banned opposition and set up a rubber-stamp congress; suppressed unions (see24).
Anastasio Somoza García	Nicaragua	1937–1956	Somoza used his position as head of the National Guard to overthrow President Juan Bautista Sacasa; centralized constitutional authority under his control; alternately rigged elections for himself or installed relatives in his place; kleptocrat.25 26.
Carlos Castillo Armas	Guatemala	1954–1957	Junta Chairman, 1954; President of Guatemala 1954-1957. Gained power in a coup; banned the popular Communist party; purged trade unions of leftist influence; declared himself president in 1956. Assassinated.
Oswaldo López Arellano	Honduras	1963–1971 1972–1975	Head of Military Government 1963-1965; President of Honduras 1965-1971; Head of State 1972-1975. Military officer who allowed elections in 1971 before re-seizing power the next year. According to Clara Nieto in Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution through the Clinton years, p. 114 (ISBN 1-58322-545-5): "During this second term (1972-1975) López governed without a congress and by decree."
Anastasio Somoza Debayle	Nicaragua	1967-1979	Succeeded his somewhat more liberal brother Luis; stepped down briefly in 1972, then resumed the presidency after an earthquake; outlawed several opposition parties; declared martial law in response to guerilla opposition; oversaw brutal repression by the National Guard.
Omar Torrijos	Panama	1968–1981	Commander of the National Guard. Gained power in a coup; banned opposition, unions and free press.
Efraín Ríos Montt	Guatemala	1982–1983	Chairman of military junta 1982; President of Guatemala 1982-1983. Dictator during a military coup. Known for scorched earth counter-insurgency strategies. Since then was Head of Congress for many years and made several failed attempts to be elected democratically. Used his declared conservative evangelical Christian beliefs to portray dissent as an attack against God.
Manuel Noriega	Panama	1983–1989	Commander of the National Guard and de facto military leader, widely described as a dictator.

South America

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia	Paraguay	1813-1814 and 1814-1840	gained power in election. Outlawed all opposition. Installed a police state. Cult of personality; citizens forced to raise their hats or a brim when he passed by; styled himself with the position name "El Supremo".
Simón Bolívar	Gran Colombia	1821-1830	Though an admirer of classical liberal democracy, the founder and president of Gran Colombia proclaimed himself dictator in 1828 after an unsuccessful constitutional convention. Resigned eighteen months later.
Juan Manuel de Rosas	Argentina	1835–1852	Governor of Buenos Aires 1829-1832, 1835-1852; Supreme Chief of the Argentine Confederation 1851-1852. Assumed dictatorial powers; exiled opponents.
Carlos Antonio López	Paraguay	1841–1862	First Consul 1841-1844; President of Paraguay 1844-1862.
Manuel Belzu	Bolivia	1848–1855	Provisional President of Bolivia 1848-1850; President of Bolivia 1850-1855. Unelected military ruler; caudillo. A populist and nationalist who voluntarily relinquished power after 1855 elections, described in (ISBN 0-13-524356-4), p. 131, as the "cleanest ever held" in (early) Bolivian history.
Francisco Solano López	Paraguay	1862–1869	President of Paraguay. Inherited power from his father; had himself awarded immense powers by a congress he had packed with supporters. Killed in the War of the Triple Alliance (which Lopez had caused by invading Brazil), along with 90 per cent of the Paraguayan adult (age 14+) male population.
Mariano Melgarejo	Bolivia	1864–1871	Provisional President 1864-1870; President of Bolivia 1870-1871. Gained power in a coup and ruthlessly suppressed opposition. In 1869 he sent the army to suppress an uprising by Huaichu Indians attempting to regain land privileges they enjoyed under President Belzu (see ISBN 1-55753-324-5).
Antonio Guzmán Blanco	Venezuela	1870–1888	Acting President of Venezuela 1863, 1865; General-in-chief April-July 1870; Provisional President of Venezuela 1870-1873; President of Venezuela 1873 - 1877; Supreme Director 1879; Provisional President of Venezuela 1879 - 1880; President of Venezuela 1880 -1884, 1886 -1888. Described, perhaps inaccurately, as a "benevolent despot"; other sources mention his "long dictatorship" (see29).
Cipriano Castro	Venezuela	1899–1909	Supreme Chief 1899-1901; Provisional President 1901 - 1902, 1904 - 1905; President of Venezuela 1902 - 1904, 1905 - 1909. Took over in a military coup (see 30).
Rafael Reyes	Colombia	1904–1909	President 1904 - 1909, as a military ruler representing the Conservatives. "In the course of his regime, Reyes improved the country’s finances, expanded roads and railroads, and encouraged increased coffee production. Large U.S. investments and purchases of coffee and minerals contributed to Colombia’s economic growth. However, Reyes ruled as a dictator. He dissolved the congress and replaced it with a handpicked legislature, jailed and exiled political opponents, and declared martial law."
Juan Vicente Gómez	Venezuela	1909–1914 1922–1929 1931–1935	Provisional President 1909-1910; President of Venezuela 1910-1914, 1922-1929, 1931-1935. Gained power in a coup; never elected; kleptocrat; widely described as a dictator.
Óscar Benavides	Peru	1914–1915 1933–1939	Junta Chairman 1914; President of Peru 1914-1915, 1933-1939. Twice gained power by coup.
Augusto Leguía	Peru	1919–1930	President of Peru. Gained power in a coup; ignored constitution; suppressed and exiled opposition.
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo	Chile	1927–1931	Acting President 1927, President 1927 - 1931. Democratically elected to a six-year term in 1952.
Getúlio Vargas	Brazil	1930–1945	Head of provisional government 1930-1934 after revolution; indirectly elected as Constitutional President 1934-1937; launched a coup in 1937 and became dictator 1937-1945; democratically-elected President of Brazil 1950-1954.
Gabriel Terra	Uruguay	1931–1938	President of Uruguay. Suspended congress and dissolved constitution in 1933.
Higinio Morínigo	Paraguay	1940–1948	Provisional president 1940-1943; President of Paraguay 1943-1948. Seized absolute power; ruled by diktat until 1946.
Manuel Odría	Peru	1948–1956	Chairman of military junta 1948 - 1950; President of Peru 1950 - 1956. Gained power in a coup; restricted civil rights; allowed election in 1956.
Marcos Pérez Jiménez	Venezuela	1948–1958	Member of military junta 1948 - 1952; Provisional president 1952 -1953; President of Venezuela 1953 - 1958. Never elected; pursued opposition violently; credited with improvements to the country's infrastructure.
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla	Colombia	1953–1957	President of Colombia. Gained power in a coup.
Alfredo Stroessner	Paraguay	1954–1989	President of Paraguay. He took over in a military coup (see33, 34,35).
René Barrientos	Bolivia	1964–1969	Chairman of the military junta, 1964-January 1966 (jointly with Alfredo Ovando 1965-1966); President of Bolivia, August 1966 - 1969. Gained power in military coup; kleptocrat; responsible for Catavi massacre and execution of Che Guevara (ISBN 0-85345-991-6), p. 136.
Forbes Burnham	Guyana	1966–1985	Prime Minister 1966 - 1980; President 1980 - 1985. Elected, but became increasingly dictatorial; held dubious elections and encouraged leftist religious cults (such as the Peoples Temple) to settle in the Guyanese interior (see 36, 37).
Hugo Banzer	Bolivia	1971–1978	President of Bolivia. Gained power in a coup; suppressed opposition; closed universities; 3,000 opponents arrested, 200 killed.
Juan María Bordaberry	Uruguay	1972–1976	President of Uruguay 1972 - 1976. Elected, but installed a military government, dissolved Congress, suspended civil liberties and banned unions.
Augusto Pinochet	Chile	1973–1990	Chairman of military junta 1973-1974; Supreme Head of the Nation 1974; President of Chile 1974 - 1990. Gained power in a coup; suppressed and exiled opposition; over 3000 "disappearances" and 28,000 tortured.
Dési Bouterse	Suriname	1980–1988	Chairman of the National Military Council 1980-1988. Gained power in a coup; never elected; widespread misrule. Most infamous atrocity is the Decembermoorden.
Luis García Meza Tejada	Bolivia	1980–1981	President of Bolivia. Gained power in the "[...] Coup" aided by Klaus Barbie; highly repressive; over 1,000 killed.
Gregorio Conrado Álvarez	Uruguay	1981–1985	President of Uruguay. Ignored constitution; extensive human rights abuses (see 38).
Alberto Fujimori	Peru	1992-1993	President of Peru 1990-2000, widely critizised for his political authoritarism. 39 40 41. After enjoying a certain degree of popular support, Fujimori was forced from office following controvertial third term re-election42. In 2000 political opponent Mario Vargas Llosa called Fujimori a "dictator" 43. His government was also marked by the influence of the director of the SIN, Vladimiro Montesinos 44 45. Currently in Peru, Fujimori is in trial for presumed charges ranging from corruption to participation in crimes against humanity. 46.

Caribbean

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Jean-Jacques Dessalines	Haiti	1804-1806	Governor-General of Haiti 1804; Emperor of Haiti (as Jacques I) 1804 - 1806. Ruled autocratically.
Henry Christophe	Haiti (northern)	1806-1820	Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government 1806-1807; President of Haiti 1807-1811; King of Haiti (as Henry I) 1811-1820. Ruled autocratically.
Pedro Santana	Dominican Republic	1844-1848, 1853 -1856, 1858 - 1861	Never elected; suppressed opposition; widely considered a dictator.
Buenaventura Báez	Dominican Republic	1849-1878 (intermittent)	President of the Dominican Republic five times. Gained power following coups; never elected.
Ulises Heureaux	Dominican Republic	1882-1899 (intermittent)	President of the Dominican Republic three times. Never elected; widely described as a dictator (see47, 48, 49).
Gerardo Machado	Cuba	1925-1933	President of Cuba. A follower of Benito Mussolini, he is widely described as a dictator (see 50, 51).
Rafael Trujillo	Dominican Republic	1930-1961	President of the Dominican Republic 1930 - 1938, 1942 - 1952; de facto ruler 1930-1961. Gained power in a coup; cult of personality (renamed the capital Ciudad Trujillo); promoted racism against Haitians and ordered the massacre of 20,000 blacks.
Paul Magloire	Haiti	1950-1956	President of Haiti. Gained power in a coup; never elected.
Fulgencio Batista	Cuba	1952-1959	President of Cuba 1940-1944; 1952-1959. Gained power the second time in a coup; suppressed opposition violently. Use of torture and collective punishment. Mafia ties.
François Duvalier	Haiti	1957-1971	President of Haiti. Elected in 1957, but banned opposition; declared himself President for Life in 1964; highly repressive.
Fidel Castro	Cuba	1959-2006	Prime Minister of Cuba 1959-1976; President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers from 1976. Gained power after revolution. Castro was elected President after 1976, but within a one-party Communist state.
Jean-Claude Duvalier	Haiti	1971-1986	President of Haiti. Inherited presidency aged 19 from his father; never elected.
Eric Gairy	Grenada	1974-1979	Prime Minister of Grenada 1967-1979. Widely described as a dictator (see52, 53, 54).
Raoul Cédras	Haiti	1991-1994	De facto ruler for a relatively short period of time. Gained power in a coup (see 55).
Raul Castro	Cuba	2006-present	Appointed successor by his brother of the Communist Party of Cuba.

Asia

Western Asia ("Middle East")

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Iran	1941/1953–1979	Installed over his father Rezah Shah Pahlavi by Allied occupation forces. Fled Iran in 1953 amid a power struggle with Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh and was restored with help from the United States and Great Britain. Abolished all rival political parties and used a secret police, Savak, to torture and imprison thousands of political dissidents; yet, modernized Iran.
Abdul Karim Qassem	Iraq	1958–1963	Gained power by coup; viewed by some as benevolent (see 56).
Abdul Salam Arif	Iraq	1963–1966	Gained power in a coup; military ruler.
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr	Iraq	1968–1979	Gained power in a coup; never elected.
Hafez al-Assad	Syria	1970–2000	Gained power in a coup; totalitarian; cult of personality; oversaw Hama massacre yielding twenty to forty thousand dead (see 57).
Ruhollah Khomeini	Iran	1979–1989	As Supreme Leader, held ultimate and uncontested authority over all government matters under the principle of Guardianship. Created the extra-constitutional Special Clerical Court system in 1987, accountable only to the Supreme Leader and used principally for suppression of political dissent. Instituted routine torture, beheadings for children.
Saddam Hussein	Iraq	1979–2003	Pressured Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr to resign in 1979 and formally became president. Repressive; developed extensive personality cult; deposed by United States and coalition forces in an invasion. /ledeen/ledeen200505310823.asp]58 59 60ISBN 0-16-074590-X \|-
Bashar al-Assad	Syria	2000–present	No opposition permitted in election following death of his father; widely described as a dictator (see61, 62, 63).

Central Asia

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Askar Akayev	Kyrgyzstan	1990–2005	Appointed but became increasingly authoritarian; widely described as a dictator (see 64, 65, 66).
Islom Karimov	Uzbekistan	1991–present	Described as authoritarian who is increasingly centralizing power (see 67, 68). Elections essentially uncontested and unmonitored. Opposition repressed.
Saparmurat Niyazov	Turkmenistan	1991–2006	Declared President for Life in 1999; cult of personality; his book Ruhnama is to be treated with reverence (see 69, 70).
Muhammed Omar	Afghanistan	1996–2001	Considered a Theocratic Dictator who excercized strict sharia laws; allowed the persecution of Hazaras; gave Al Qaeda refuge in Afghanistan. (see71 72).
Ilham Aliyev	Azerbaijan	2003–present	Dubious election; opposition suppressed (see73).
Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow	Turkmenistan	2006-present	Unelected, appointed as successor upon Niyazov's death. Turkemnistan still continues to be oppresive and a single-party state.

South Asia

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Ayub Khan	Pakistan	1958–1969	Gained power in a coup. Subsequent elections considered dubious (see74, 75).
Yahya Khan	Pakistan	1969–1971	Military ruler, gaining power from coup (see 76,77, 78).
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom	Maldives	1978–2008	Autocrat; widely considered to be a dictator; no opposition or free press allowed.
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq	Pakistan	1978–1988	Took over following coup. Claimed government to be legitimate because it was Islamic (see 79).
Rahimuddin Khan	Balochistan (Pakistan)	1978–1984	Appointed supreme Martial Law Governor of Balochistan by central Pakistani military government following coup. (see 80).
Hossain Mohammad Ershad	Bangladesh	1982–1990	Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; never elected.
Pervez Musharraf	Pakistan	1999-2008	Deposed Nawaz Sharif in a military coup, calling it a necessity during a state of emergency. Governed directly as commander in chief until Parliament reconvened in November 2002. Assumed the title of President upon Rafiq Tarar's resignation and stood in a referendum in 2002. Opposition parties state that the rule of law in his custody has deteriorated further.

Eastern Asia ("Far East")

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Tokugawa Ieyasu	Japan	1600-1616	Shogun of Japan and founder of the long reigning Tokugawa shogunate. Gained power by unifying the warring clans during Japan's long period of civil unrest. He also created an "alternate attendance" system to pacify the daimyo warlords, as well as closing and isolating trade and the economy, in order to retain his power. His rule was also marked by persecution of european missionaries and japanese christians.
Yuan Shikai	Republic of China	1912–1916	President of the Republic of China 1912 - 1915, self-proclaimed Emperor of China, 1916. Ignored legislative consent as defined by the Constitution; dissolved the National Assembly; assassinated Song Jiaoren; disbanded the Kuomintang.
Roman von Ungern-Sternberg	Mongolia	1921	Born, Baron Roman Nicolaus von Ungern-Sternberg (Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг), in Graf, Austria of Prussian nobility, von Ungern-Sternberg fought, against his own Prussians, in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and fought the Bolsheviks, in Siberia, after 1917. A rabid monarchist, von Ungern-Sternberg soon thereafter became an independent warlord with the intention of establishing an independent Russo-Sino-Mongolian monarchy in Urga under the nominal rule of Bogd Khaan (the Living Buddha). Although considered the paragon of bravery, von Ungern-Sternberg was reckless, brutal and mentally unstable. After a savage battle against occupying Chinese republican forces, on March 13, 1921, Mongolia was proclaimed an independent monarchy, and Ungern von Sternberg became Mongolian dictator. His brief rule of Mongolia was characterised by looting, raping and a reign of terror by his army. Eventually, the Bolsheviks invaded Mongolia and after a series of battles, von Ungern-Sternberg was defeated in a August 1921, captured by his own soldiers, and handed over to the Red Army on August 21, 1921.
Chiang Kai-Shek	Republic of China	1927-1975	Known as the "Generalissimo". Gained power by military force. Leader of anti-communist one-party state under the Kuomintang. Rule on mainland China repeatedly undermined by powerful regional factions, civil wars, and the war against Japan. Ruled with an iron-fist following his retreat to Taiwan in 1949.
Khorloogiyn Choybalsan	Mongolia	1936–1952	Unelected; opponents purged; cult of personality.
Kim Il-sung	North Korea	1948–1994	Appointed prime minister in 1948; purged rivals in the Workers' Party of Korea to consolidate power in 1956 (see 81); introduced "Juche" ideology demanding absolute loyalty to him and the party; created most pervavise cult of personality in recent history. Declared "Eternal President" on his death.
Sukarno	Indonesia	1949-1968	First President of Indonesia. Consolidated his powers, and got proclaimed President for LIfe. Was overthrown by the then Dictator of Indonesia, Suharto.
Mao Zedong	People's Republic of China	1949–1976	Chairman of the PRC (1949 – 1959), Chairman of the Communist Party of China (1945 – 1976), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (1936 – 1976). Immense cult of personality; purged members of government; silenced opposition. Circumvented Communist Party hierarchy after the 1966 Cultural Revolution; imprisoned head of state Liu Shaoqi. Millions of Chinese citizens killed or murdered as a result of his policies and repression.
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal	Mongolia	1952-1984	Appointed to power in 1952; Prime Minister of Mongolia (1952 - 1974); President of Mongolia (1974 - 1984); General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1952 - 1984); authoritarian dictator; led a a pro soviet regime; he and Khorloogiyn Choybalsan were responsible for violent political repression; accused of corruption; purged political opponents.
Ngô Ðình Diệm	South Vietnam	1955–1963	Unelected; autocratic; oppressed Buddhists (see82).
Park Chung Hee	South Korea	1961–1979	Took power in 1961 coup. Although initially welcomed by much of the population, he suspended the constitution in 1971 and introduced a new constitution that greatly increased his power.
Ne Win	Burma	1962–1988	Seized power in a coup; instituted extreme repression (see 83, 84).
Thanom Kittikachorn	Thailand	1963–1973	Military dictator, known as one of Thailand's so-called "Three Tyrants". Oppressed student-led uprisings in October 1973 and 1976.
Suharto	Indonesia	1967–1998	His New Order imprisoned Communists and alleged Communists; repressed Chinese inhabitants; made existing parties subordinate. Also a cleptocrat (with personal and family's assets at least worth US$ 15 billion, based on Time Magazine investigation in 1998). Described as a dictator in many sources (see85, 86, 87).
Lon Nol	Cambodia	1972–1975	Gained power by coup; not elected.
Pol Pot	Democratic Kampuchea	1975–1979	Unelected; led a Khmer Rouge dictatorship; responsible for deaths of at least 1 million Cambodian citizens during his rule.
Chun Doo Hwan	South Korea	1980–1988	Gained power in a coup; declared martial law; oversaw Gwangju Massacre.
Khamtai Siphandon	Laos	1992–2006	Unelected; one-party state (see88).
Than Shwe	Myanmar	1992–present	Unelected; persecution of minorities (especially Karenni and Rohingya groups 89) leading 250,000 to flee, either becoming IDPs or moving across the border to Thailand; consolidated power into himself from the SPDC - he moved to a new capital in Kyat Pyay in 2006 , &renamed it as Nay Pyi Daw ,i.e the Royal Palace City"; gained power via a military coup and announced that he would not hand over the power to Aung San Suu Kyi's Elected Party (the NLD); no free press (see 90).
Kim Jong-il	North Korea	1994–present	Became General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of the National Defense Commission (the highest state offices) on his father's death. Continues his father's "Juche" ideology.
Sonthi Boonyaratglin	Thailand	2006	Army chief seized power while Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra was out of the country. A state of martial law was declared, parliament was dissolved and the constitution abrogated. Instituted press censorship and restrictions on protests. The first Muslim in charge of the mostly Buddhist army.

Europe

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Vlad Tepes	Romania	1448; 1456–1462; 1476	Leader of Romania during the 1400s known worldwide for his violent methods of slavery torture and impalement of people during his reign
Oliver Cromwell	Commonwealth of England	1653-1658	A Puritan general in the English Civil War who quickly rose through the ranks to become de facto head of the Parliamentary forces. After the Royalist defeat and the execution of Charles I the newly constituted Rump Parliament was overthrown by Cromwell who refused the Crown, choosing instead the title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. After his death the monarchy was reinstated. 91.
Maximilien Robespierre	France	1793–1794	Head of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution. To purge french society of "Counter Revolutionaries", he instituted the heavily repressive Reign of Terror, a period which killed thousands of french citizens, many of those killed were simply killed under mere suspicion, with little or no proof. Desposed when the National Convention declared him an outlaw.
Napoleon Bonaparte	France	1799–1814	First Consul, 1799-1804. Emperor of the French 1804-1814. Declared himself "First Consul for Life" in 1802 and then Emperor in 1804.
Józef Grzegorz Chłopicki	Poland	1830–1831	Held official title of dictator for one year only.
Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte	France	1848–1870	President of France from 1848 to 1852. In 1851 he launched a coup against the legislature, making himself absolute ruler. From 1852 to 1870 he styled himself Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III from 1852 to 1870. Later during his reign constitutional liberties were gradually restored. In 1870 he was captured during the abortive Franco-Prussian War and deposed in his absence by the Third Republic of France.
Romuald Traugutt	Poland	1863–1864	Held official title of dictator for one year. Succeeded Marian Langiewicz who had declared himself dictator previously, but only lasted less than a year in 1863.
Benito Mussolini	Italy	1922–1943	Prime Minister of Italy 1922-1943; head of the so-called Italian Social Republic until 1945. "He introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925–1926 he was able to assume dictatorial powers and dissolve all other political parties" (see 92,93).
Miguel Primo de Rivera	Spain	1923–1930	Prime Minister of Spain. Gained power in a coup; suspended the constitution; established martial law; imposed strict censorship; banned all political parties. Widely described as a dictator.
Aleksandar Tsankov	Bulgaria	1923-1926	Established Right wing nationalist, anti communist coup against Stamboliyski’s democratic elected Agrarians. Forced out of power by Tsar Boris III. 96.
Joseph Stalin	USSR	1924–1953	General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1922 - 1953; Premier of the Soviet Union 1941 - 1953. Never elected; cult of personality; heavily repressive; responsible for deaths of millions of Soviet citizens.
Ahmet Bej Zogu	Albania	1925–1939	Originally elected Prime Minister of Albania 1922-1924 and 1925; President of Albania 1925-1928; crowned himself King of the Albanians (as Zog I) 1928-1939. Described as a dictator. Forced to flee with his wife, Queen Geraldine, the imminent takeover of the country by Italy under Benito Mussolini.
António Óscar Carmona	Portugal	1926-1928	Head of Ditadura Nacional
Józef Piłsudski	Poland	1926–1935	Polish Head of State 1918-1922, but regained power in 1926 via coup. Prime Minister of Poland 1926-1928 and 1930; Commander in Chief of the Army 1926-1935. Initiated authoritarian Sanacja government; often described as a "benevolent dictator".
Antanas Smetona	Lithuania	1926–1940	President of Lithuania. Seized power in a 1925 military coup (see 102); authoritarian rule. His description as a dictator is common (see103), but not universal.
António de Oliveira Salazar	Portugal	1928–1968	Prime Minister of Portugal. Established an anti-democratic, anti-parliamentarian, ultra-clericalist, corporativist, extremely conservative, repressive and authoritarian dictatorship, connoted with the Italian fascism, highly supported by the Roman Catholic Church. Longest right-wing dictatorship ever (four complete decades).
Alexander I	Yugoslavia	1929-1934	King of Yugoslavia from 1921. On January 6, 1929 he abolished the constitution, prorogued parliament and established the so-called "January 6 Dictatorship." A new constitution in 1931 left all significant political power in the hands of the King.
Engelbert Dollfuss	Austria	1933–1934	Chancellor of Austria 1932-1934. Suspended parliament indefinitely in March 1933, governing thereafter by decree. Rule sometimes compared to Mussolini or Franco (see 104).
Konstantin Päts	Estonia	1933–1940	State Elder 1933 - 1937; State Protector 1937 - 1938; President of Estonia 1938-1940. Established authoritarian rule following a coup. Allowed (and won) election in 1938.
Adolf [...]	Germany	1933–1945	Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945; Führer (Leader) 1934-1945. The 1933 Enabling Act suspended most of the constitution and allowed [...] to rule by decree. Heavily repressive; ordered imprisonment of millions of political opponents and members of ethnic minorities in concentration camps, where they were abused and killed.
Kimon Georgiev	Bulgaria	1934	Took power in coup. Overthrown by Tsar Boris III.
Tsar Boris III	Bulgaria	1934-1943	Overthrew Kimon Geogiev. Took power him self ruled through puppet Prime Ministers Georgi Kyoseivanov. His Regime banned all opposition parties. Took Bulgaria into alliance with [...] Germany and Fascist Italy.
Kurt Schuschnigg	Austria	1934–1938	Chancellor of Austria. Maintained his predecessor Dollfuss' oppressive rule.
Kārlis Ulmanis	Latvia	1934–1940	Prime Minister of Latvia 1934-1940; President of Latvia 1936 - 1940. Gained power in a coup and dissolved parliament; generally viewed as a "benevolent dictator" (see 105, 106, 107).
Ioannis Metaxas	Greece	1936–1941	Prime Minister of Greece. Never elected; banned political parties; arrested opponents; criminalized unions; censored media. Widely described as a dictator (see108, 109, 110).
Francisco Franco	Spain	1936–1975	Prime Minister of Spain 1938-1975 and Head of State 1939 - 1975 (in the Nationalist Zone, both only to 1939). Purged opposition; often referred to as a dictator or caudillo (see111, 112,113, 114). Strongly supported by the Roman Catholic Church worldwide.
Carol II	Romania	1938-1940	King of Romania from 1930. In January 1938 he abolished parliamentary government and pushed through a new constitution putting all executive power into his own hands.
Jozef Tiso	Slovakia	1939–1945	President of WWII Slovak Republic. Led a partly Roman Catholic clerical, partly pro-[...], one-party state. Described by some as a dictator (see 115, 116, 117).
Ion Antonescu	Romania	1940–1944	Prime Minister of Romania. Two days after his appointment, forced King Carol II (see above) to abdicate in favor of his son, Mihai. Named himself Conducător (Leader), assumed dictatorial powers and relegated monarchy to decorative role.
Ante Pavelić	Croatia	1941–1945	Poglavnik ("Leader") of Croatia. Not elected; ordered massacres of Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and dissidents; hundreds of thousands slaughtered; led the genocial, devoutly Roman Catholic Ustase (see 118, 119, 120). Supported by most, if not all, of the Roman Catholic church in Croatia.
Ferenc Szálasi (Szálasi Ferenc)	Hungary	1944–1945	Leader of the fascist Arrow Cross party, Szálasi was installed as a fascist ruler by the Nazis following their overthrow of regent Miklós Horthy.
Josip Broz Tito	Yugoslavia	1944–1980	Secretary-General of the Yugoslav Communist Party 1937 - 1963; Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 1945–1953; Premier of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1963; President of Yugoslavia 1953 - 1980; President of the Presidium of the League of Communists from 1963 until 1980. Declared himself President for Life in 1963. Viewed favorably in Yugoslavia despite authoritarian rule.
Enver Hoxha	Albania	1944-1985	General Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult; Declared his nation to be the world's only officially atheist state and banned all practice of religion in 1967.
Mátyás Rákosi	Hungary	1949-1953	General Secretary of the Hungarian Workers Party and Prime Minister of the Hungarian People's Republic. Leader of single-party Communist state; nicknamed "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"; Invented the phrase "salami tactics" to describe piecemeal assumption of power.
Walter Ulbricht	East Germany	1950–1971	One of the founders of east germany. Prevented his own citizens from leaving the country and ruled unquestioned.
Petru Groza	Romania	1952-1958	Head of State of Romania. He supported the Soviet Union and their ideas, oppressed freedom of speech and imprisoned many opposeing political parties and media outlets giving him absolute power in Romania
Nikita Khrushchev	USSR	1953-1964	First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1953-1964. Allowed limited liberalisation in the arts and media later on.
Todor Zhivkov	Bulgaria	1956-1989	Head of pro soviet communist regimen in Bulgaria. Became party secretary in 1956 and prime minister in 1962. Forced out of power in 1989 by communist party to comply with demands of protesters.
Leonid Brezhnev	USSR	1964–1982	First/General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1964-1982. Formed a cult of Personality later on.
Nicolae Ceauşescu	Romania	1965–1989	General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party, 1965-1989; President of Romania, 1974-1989. Leader of single-party Communist state; extensive personality cult developed during the 1970s. Lived lavish lifestyle while country was still using donkey carts.
George Papadopoulos	Greece	1967–1973	Prime Minister of Greece 1967 - 1973; Regent 1972 - 1973; President of Greece 1973. Gained power in a coup; lead military regime. Widely described as a dictator (see 121, 122, 123).
Marcelo Caetano	Portugal	1968–1974	Prime Minister of Portugal 1968 - 1974; Upon the death of António de Oliveira Salazar he continued the dictatorial regime. Some liberties were improved but the situation of the country and the colonial wars lead to the Carnation Revolution.
Erich Honecker	East Germany	1971 – 1989	Leader of east germany allowed guards to shoot people who were trying to flee the country. Refused glasnost and perestroika after being ordered, murdered over 100 people in one day.
Phaedon Gizikis	Greece	1973-1974	President of Greece 1973-1974. Gained power in coup. Led military regime installed by previous head of state.
Wojciech Jaruzelski	Poland	1981-1990	Imposed martial law in Poland in 1981 in response to Solidarity party led strikes. Made himself head of the "Commission for National Salvation." Stated his actions were taken in order to prevent a Soviet invasion of Poland. Was President of Poland until his resignation in 1990.
Slobodan Milošević	Serbia-Yugoslavia	1989-1997-2000	In 1984 he became the head of the local Communist party in Belgrade and adopted a populist style, the party's leader. He successfully took over as head of the Serbian Communist party in 1987. He challenged the federal government, championed Serbian control of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, and advocated stridently socialist economic policy. By 1988, he had replaced party leaders in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and in 1989 he became president of Serbia. However, in September 1990, a new democratic constitution was passed allowing direct, multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections. Milosevic was elected president of Serbia for the first time in December 1990, although allegations persist of electoral fraud during the Milosevic years.
Franjo Tuđman	Croatia	1990-1999	Brought Croatia towards independence and was elected in a land slide. Gave the dillusion of democracy when in fact eventually became autocratic, and his rule resulted in repression of dissent and opposed and shut down certain newspaper outlets and tv programs critical of him. Human rights record very poor, especially towards Serbian ethnics. True democracy would eventually come when after his death.

Oceania

Name	Country	Years in power	Notes
Sitiveni Rabuka	Fiji	1987–1992	Twice gained power through coup, allowed elections in 1992, which he won.
Frank Bainimarama	Fiji	2006-present	Launched a coup d'etat in December 2006 after weeks of threats against the elected government.

List of dictators

Africa

The Americas

North America

Central America

South America

Caribbean

Asia

Western Asia ("Middle East")

Central Asia

South Asia

Eastern Asia ("Far East")

Europe

Oceania

See also

See Also

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