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River Oaks Academy is a school that was started in 1996. The school provides students with an integrated study plan. The school offers all round educational facilities and consists of all levels: Playgroup to A levels.
Commencement
The school system was commenced on 11 August 1996 by Mr. Aasim Karim. Since then it has become one of the prominent schools of Karachi.
Curriculum
The curriculum for Grades I-IV includes Language Art, Mathematics, Science, Humanities, Religion, Urdu, Computers, Library, Art, Music and Physical Education.
The curriculum for Grade V-IX features carefully sequenced courses in English, Humanities, Urdu, Math, Science, Computers, Arts, Physical Education and Martial Arts.
O-levels program offers: Math, English, Urdu, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Economics, Accounts, Business Studies, Islamiat and Pakistan studies.
A-levels offers Math, Physics, English, Chemistry,Biology, Sociology, Economics, Business Studies, Accounts and Urdu.
Location
River oaks Academy’s Montessori branch is located in KDA.
Senior section is located in PECHS.
Sports
ROA encourages physical activity and students are encouraged to take part in tournaments. Sports the school offers include: cricket, basketball, table tennis, badminton, football and tae-kwon-do.
Events and extra curricular activities
Music and arts are offered to develop aesthetics of students.
Extra curricular events: Major events the school holds are sports day, earth day and debates. The school believes this is vital to develop the self-confidence of students and promote individual growth.
River Oaks Academy is a school that was started in 1996. The school provides students with an integrated study plan. The school offers all round educational facilities and consists of all levels: Playgroup to A levels.
Commencement
The school system was commenced on 11 August 1996 by Mr. Aasim Karim. Since then it has become one of the prominent schools of Karachi.
Curriculum
The curriculum for Grades I-IV includes Language Art, Mathematics, Science, Humanities, Religion, Urdu, Computers, Library, Art, Music and Physical Education.
The curriculum for Grade V-IX features carefully sequenced courses in English, Humanities, Urdu, Math, Science, Computers, Arts, Physical Education and Martial Arts.
O-levels program offers: Math, English, Urdu, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Economics, Accounts, Business Studies, Islamiat and Pakistan studies.
A-levels offers Math, Physics, English, Chemistry,Biology, Sociology, Economics, Business Studies, Accounts and Urdu.
Location
River oaks Academy’s Montessori branch is located in KDA.
Senior section is located in PECHS.
Sports
ROA encourages physical activity and students are encouraged to take part in tournaments. Sports the school offers include: cricket, basketball, table tennis, badminton, football and tae-kwon-do.
Events and extra curricular activities
Music and arts are offered to develop aesthetics of students.
Extra curricular events: Major events the school holds are sports day, earth day and debates. The school believes this is vital to develop the self-confidence of students and promote individual growth.
Ali Sajid was a Pakistani professor of management engineering at the Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering <nowiki/>of the University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan.
Life
Ali Sajid, a former Pakistan Army officer, received his B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from UET, Lahore, Pakistan. He then went to United States for higher studies. He attended George Washington University, Washington D.C, where he received his M.Sc. and Ph.D in Engineering Management.
He was a former consultant of World Bank. He is known as a founder of Pakistan's prestigious business and management institutes. Dr. Ali Sajid is former head of Management Sciences at , the founder of the Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), and founding director of the Institute of Business and Management, UET, Lahore. He was associated with that school from 2009 to 2013, and left it as a result of high-level organizational politics. As his next project he has established the Lahore School of Management (LSM) in Lahore.
He is known as the Pakistan's top guru of quality management. He is one of the contributors of The SAGE Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy.
Life
Ali Sajid, a former Pakistan Army officer, received his B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from UET, Lahore, Pakistan. He then went to United States for higher studies. He attended George Washington University, Washington D.C, where he received his M.Sc. and Ph.D in Engineering Management.
He was a former consultant of World Bank. He is known as a founder of Pakistan's prestigious business and management institutes. Dr. Ali Sajid is former head of Management Sciences at , the founder of the Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), and founding director of the Institute of Business and Management, UET, Lahore. He was associated with that school from 2009 to 2013, and left it as a result of high-level organizational politics. As his next project he has established the Lahore School of Management (LSM) in Lahore.
He is known as the Pakistan's top guru of quality management. He is one of the contributors of The SAGE Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy.
Force of Evil was a Danish 5-piece heavy metal band formed by the twin guitarists of Mercyful Fate, Michael Denner and Hank Shermann. They joined forces with Hal Patino, Bjarne T. Holm and Martin Steene, all known for their performance with King Diamond, Mercyful Fate and Iron Fire.
History
Force of Evil was formed in September 2002. Denner and Shermann are the original twin guitars from these classic Mercyful Fate recordings: Nuns Have No Fun, Melissa, Don't Break The Oath, In the Shadows, Time and Into the Unknown.
Hal Patino has been recording with King Diamond band on "Them", Conspiracy, The Eye, Abigail II: The Revenge, The Puppet Master, and Give Me Your Soul...Please. He played with King Diamond in all his tours as well. Bjarne T. Holm joined Mercyful Fate in 1995 and has been recording with the band since then. They went on several US, South American and European Tours. Martin Steene is the main man in the band Iron Fire with whom he has made several albums.
They started recording their first album on March 24, 2003 and the self-titled CD was officially released on January 26, 2004. On June 13, 2003, the band played their first worldwide performance in Cleveland, Ohio. A DVD was released in 2004, recorded in concert in Stockholm, Sweden, in November of the previous year. Their second album, Black Empire was released in early 2005.
The band disbanded in 2006, citing the band member's various other projects as the reason.
Discography
* Force of Evil (2004)
* Black Empire (2005)
Videography
* Evil Comes Alive (DVD) (2004)
History
Force of Evil was formed in September 2002. Denner and Shermann are the original twin guitars from these classic Mercyful Fate recordings: Nuns Have No Fun, Melissa, Don't Break The Oath, In the Shadows, Time and Into the Unknown.
Hal Patino has been recording with King Diamond band on "Them", Conspiracy, The Eye, Abigail II: The Revenge, The Puppet Master, and Give Me Your Soul...Please. He played with King Diamond in all his tours as well. Bjarne T. Holm joined Mercyful Fate in 1995 and has been recording with the band since then. They went on several US, South American and European Tours. Martin Steene is the main man in the band Iron Fire with whom he has made several albums.
They started recording their first album on March 24, 2003 and the self-titled CD was officially released on January 26, 2004. On June 13, 2003, the band played their first worldwide performance in Cleveland, Ohio. A DVD was released in 2004, recorded in concert in Stockholm, Sweden, in November of the previous year. Their second album, Black Empire was released in early 2005.
The band disbanded in 2006, citing the band member's various other projects as the reason.
Discography
* Force of Evil (2004)
* Black Empire (2005)
Videography
* Evil Comes Alive (DVD) (2004)
Introduction:
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that is thought to be caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. Consequently, stimulation of brain structures, which might influence cortical excitability, could be used for the treatment of epilepsy.
Neurostimulation is referred to a set of different procedures that aim at stimulating the brain or other nerve structures for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Neurostimulation can be performed at the level of peripheral or cranial nerves (VNS, TNS), the cortex or subcortical (DBS) structures. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of neurostimulation as treatment in different epilepsy types. Approximately 35% of patients with epilepsy are not satisfactorily controlled by medical treatment, referred to as drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). Patients with DRE are very difficult to manage. They usually have major disabilities, have a social disadvantage and have a higher risk of death from accidental causes, suicide, status epilepticus or Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Resective surgery is only considered as a treatment option when the seizure-onset zone is localized during presurgical evaluation that can be removed without causing unacceptable neurological or cognitive deficits. It is estimated that in one third of DRE patients, surgery cannot be performed either due to the proximity of seizure-onset zone to highly eloquent cortex, or because multiple foci, bilateral or generalized epilepsy. Under these circumstances, neurostimulation can be an alternative option for these patients. Here we will describe the current options neurostimulation options.
Cortical Stimulation:
Neurostimulation of the superficial cortex or deep brain structures is an expanding field in clinical neurophysiology and also in epilepsy. Neurostimulation (NS) has different methodologies, which varies according to its application and across the different centres. whereas, invasive electrical stimulation it is delivered by intracranial electrodes. Invasive neurostimulation has two methodologies, open and close loops. Most systems in use are open-loop, due to the complexities involved in reliably identify seizure related activity.
Open-loop method: stimulation is delivered according to set parameters, that can be modified while the stimulation is applied. Open-loop systems continuously deliver an A/C electrical current either high frequency (typically above 60 Hz), or at low frequency (usually lower than 10 Hz). High frequency is thought to deactivate neurons whereas low frequency stimulation induces a mixture of activation and inhibition. Also, magnetic stimulation can be delivered as single, double and repetitive pulses. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) seems to be capable of altering cortical excitability by neuromodulation of the stimulated area. The overall conclusion from these studies is that rTMS a statistically significant seizure reduction that critically depends on various methodological parameters including the accessibility of the epileptogenic zone throughout TMS.
Deep Brain Stimulation:
Deep structures from the brain, such as, subcortical nuclei can be identified using neurophysiological techniques. Electrical stimulation of these structures has been used as the treatment of movement disorders, epilepsy or psychiatric conditions.
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN):
Stimulation of this nucleus has effectively been used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It also seems to be beneficial in the management of epilepsy through activation of the Nigral Control of cortical excitability, which involves the superior colliculus, STN and thalamus
Thalamic Stimulation:
Different thalamic nuclei have been considered as possible targets. A large multicenter randomized, double-blind study (SANTE® Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in Epilepsy) included 87 participants. It found that 40% of patients experienced a 50% or greater reduction in their baseline seizure frequency 13 months after implantation. Deep brain stimulation through the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus appears to be particularly effective in the treatment of frontal or bifrontal seizures, and for those with severe generalized epilepsies, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, as extensively reported in around 50 patients recruited for 15 years
Conclusions:
The mechanisms of action of neurostimulation remain unknown. It has been suggested that neurostimulation provokes a reversible functional lesion, inhibiting the triggering and/or propagation of epileptic activity from the area of stimulation. Indeed, electrical stimulation with single pulses provokes periods of suppression in cellular firing lasting for up to 1300 ms in 26% of neurons,<ref name=":9" /> suggesting that repetitive stimulation may be able to suppress cortical activity.
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that is thought to be caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. Consequently, stimulation of brain structures, which might influence cortical excitability, could be used for the treatment of epilepsy.
Neurostimulation is referred to a set of different procedures that aim at stimulating the brain or other nerve structures for either diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Neurostimulation can be performed at the level of peripheral or cranial nerves (VNS, TNS), the cortex or subcortical (DBS) structures. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of neurostimulation as treatment in different epilepsy types. Approximately 35% of patients with epilepsy are not satisfactorily controlled by medical treatment, referred to as drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). Patients with DRE are very difficult to manage. They usually have major disabilities, have a social disadvantage and have a higher risk of death from accidental causes, suicide, status epilepticus or Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Resective surgery is only considered as a treatment option when the seizure-onset zone is localized during presurgical evaluation that can be removed without causing unacceptable neurological or cognitive deficits. It is estimated that in one third of DRE patients, surgery cannot be performed either due to the proximity of seizure-onset zone to highly eloquent cortex, or because multiple foci, bilateral or generalized epilepsy. Under these circumstances, neurostimulation can be an alternative option for these patients. Here we will describe the current options neurostimulation options.
Cortical Stimulation:
Neurostimulation of the superficial cortex or deep brain structures is an expanding field in clinical neurophysiology and also in epilepsy. Neurostimulation (NS) has different methodologies, which varies according to its application and across the different centres. whereas, invasive electrical stimulation it is delivered by intracranial electrodes. Invasive neurostimulation has two methodologies, open and close loops. Most systems in use are open-loop, due to the complexities involved in reliably identify seizure related activity.
Open-loop method: stimulation is delivered according to set parameters, that can be modified while the stimulation is applied. Open-loop systems continuously deliver an A/C electrical current either high frequency (typically above 60 Hz), or at low frequency (usually lower than 10 Hz). High frequency is thought to deactivate neurons whereas low frequency stimulation induces a mixture of activation and inhibition. Also, magnetic stimulation can be delivered as single, double and repetitive pulses. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) seems to be capable of altering cortical excitability by neuromodulation of the stimulated area. The overall conclusion from these studies is that rTMS a statistically significant seizure reduction that critically depends on various methodological parameters including the accessibility of the epileptogenic zone throughout TMS.
Deep Brain Stimulation:
Deep structures from the brain, such as, subcortical nuclei can be identified using neurophysiological techniques. Electrical stimulation of these structures has been used as the treatment of movement disorders, epilepsy or psychiatric conditions.
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN):
Stimulation of this nucleus has effectively been used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. It also seems to be beneficial in the management of epilepsy through activation of the Nigral Control of cortical excitability, which involves the superior colliculus, STN and thalamus
Thalamic Stimulation:
Different thalamic nuclei have been considered as possible targets. A large multicenter randomized, double-blind study (SANTE® Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus in Epilepsy) included 87 participants. It found that 40% of patients experienced a 50% or greater reduction in their baseline seizure frequency 13 months after implantation. Deep brain stimulation through the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus appears to be particularly effective in the treatment of frontal or bifrontal seizures, and for those with severe generalized epilepsies, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, as extensively reported in around 50 patients recruited for 15 years
Conclusions:
The mechanisms of action of neurostimulation remain unknown. It has been suggested that neurostimulation provokes a reversible functional lesion, inhibiting the triggering and/or propagation of epileptic activity from the area of stimulation. Indeed, electrical stimulation with single pulses provokes periods of suppression in cellular firing lasting for up to 1300 ms in 26% of neurons,<ref name=":9" /> suggesting that repetitive stimulation may be able to suppress cortical activity.