191,004 Wikipedia Articles Preserved

Alexander Krämer (born 1952) is professor of public health at Faculty of Health Sciences, Bielefeld University.
Academia
Krämer studied medicine and philosophy in Tübingen and Berlin. After obtaining his doctorate and completing his training he turned to public health, and conducted research on infectious disease epidemiology in the United States for 4 years. In 1994 he was offered a Professorship of Population Medicine at the University of Bielefeld, and cooperated in the establishment of the first independent German-speaking faculty of public health. He is head of a postgraduate university course (DrPH), at Faculty of Health Sciences, Bielefeld University (since 2007). From 2001 till 2006 he was speaker of the Program Master of Science in Epidemiology in Germany.
Research
*Informal settlements, economic and environmental change, and public health - Strategies to improve the quality of life in Dhaka" (DFG, SPP 1233, 2007-ongoing)
*Satellite-based aerosol mapping over megacities: Development of methodology and application in health and climate related studies (DFG, SPP 1233, 2007-ongoing)
*Migrant and ethnic health observatory (EU, DG SANCO, 2007-ongoing)
*SIDARTHa - European emergency data-based system for information on, detection, and analysis of risks and threats to health (EU, 2008-ongoing)
*POLYMOD: Improving public health policy in Europe through the modelling and economic evaluation of interventions for the control of infectious diseases (EU, 2004-2008)
*Postgraduate teaching program "Higher Education in Epidemiology" (BMBF, 2001-2006)
Selected publications
*with J. Fobil and J. May. 2010. Assessing the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and urban environmental quality in Accra, Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7(1): 125-145.
*with M. Kretzschmar and K. Krickeberg. 2010. Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology: Concepts, Methods, Mathematical Models, and Public Health. New York: Springer International.
*with E. Dhaher, R. T. Mikolajczyk, and A. E. Maxwell. 2010. Attitudes towards wife beating among Palestinian women of reproductive age from three cities in West Bank. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25: 518-537.
*with M. H. Khan, A. Khan, and M. Mori. 2009. Prevalence and correlates of smoking among urban adult men in Bangladesh: Slum versus non-slum comparison. BMC Public Health 9:149. .
*with M. H. Khan, and O. Gruebner. 2009. Comparison of health-related outcomes between urban slums, urban affluent and rural areas in and around Dhaka Megacity, Bangladesh. Die Erde 140: 69-87.
*with P. Pinheiro. 2009. Calculation of health expectancies with administrative data for North Rhine-Westphalia, a Federal State of Germany, 1999-2005. Population Health Metrics 7:4. .
*with E. Dhaher, R. T. Mikolajczyk, and A. E. Maxwell. 2008. Factors associated with lack of postnatal care among Palestinian women: A cross-sectional study of three clinics in the West Bank. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 8:26. .
*with M. H. Khan. 2008. Socio-economic factors explain differences in public health-related variables among women in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 8:254. .
*with M. K. Akmatov, M. Kretzschmar, and R. T. Mikolajczyk. 2008. Timeliness of vaccination and its effects on fraction of vaccinated population. Vaccine 26: 3805-3811.
*with J. Mond, H. Stich, P. J. Hay, and BT. Baune.2007. Associations between obesity and developmental functioning in pre-school children: A population-based study. International Journal of Obesity 31: 1068-1073.
* University Bio
* He is member of the interdisciplinary working group signatures of threat

Monsieur Stigmonus is a DC Comics supervillain. Created by J.M. DeMatteis and Ryan Sook, he first appeared in ' Vol. 4, #6 (August 2001).
Publication history
Monsieur Stigmonus first appeared in the pages of The Spectre, during a three-part story entitled "The Redeemer", which featured Hal Jordan in the role of the Spirit of Vengeance, a role he was coming to terms with. Under the influence of writer J.M. DeMatteis, Jordan was questioning the need for vengeance from an all-loving God and eventually became more a Spirit of Redemption. However, he needed a foil to counter this developing belief structure and Stigmonus became said nemesis. Ryan Sook provided the look of Stigmonus, a pale white humanoid with a black goatee, yin/yang encased on his forehead, and dressed in the high fashion of the 18th century.
Fictional character biography
Monsieur Stigmonus appeared out of nowhere and started tormenting the Spectre Hal Jordan, who was trying to figure out his place in the universe. Jordan was trying to resist the Logoz's need for wrath and vengeance, learning to develop an understanding that humanity may be in more need of a Spirit of Redemption than a Spirit of Vengeance. During this critical point of Jordan's new role, Stigmonus emerged to cast doubt on this new point of view. Stigmonus showed Jordan examples of humanity's cruelty and selfishness as if to make the point that it isn’t worth saving. He mocked Jordan's belief that he could make a difference and pointed out that even Jesus was crucified. Jordan, still doubting a great deal in himself, the Presence, and his duty, reverted to his old ways as a human Green Lantern and fought with Stigmonus. After seemingly defeating him, Jordan sought the advice and wisdom of the Risen.
Meanwhile, Stigmonus, quite fine, initiated the next step in pushing Hal Jordan to see his perspective. He visited Helen Jordan, Hal's niece, and took her on a cosmic trip, explaining to her the unfairness of life, the universe, and everything. Jack Jordan and Jan Jordan, Helen's parents and Hal's brother and sister-in-law, discovered their daughter's disappearance and frantically went in search of her. Hal discovered Stigmonus’ abduction of Helen and confronted him. Stigmonus showed Hal two possible futures for Helen: one in which she would grow to be “The Redeemer”, a being who would “lead this planet out of misery and into the Golden Age”, and another in which, one way or another, “she’ll come to a tragic end,” often depicted as being by her own hand. Stigmonus offered Jordan a wager in which they’d both try to push young Helen toward the path they preferred and they’d find out which one she eventually succumbed to. Hal refused to play games with his niece's life, but Stigmonus claimed he’d already started playing. Jack and Helen were driving in a car, arguing and desperately trying to find their daughter. Suddenly, Stigmonus appeared in the middle of the road. Jack twisted the steering wheel and the car spun out of control. “I love you, Jan” he cried. “I love y-“ Jan replied as they crashed into a freight truck. The two of them were admitted into a hospital, but died shortly thereafter.
Hal Jordan discovered this as they lay in their hospital beds and vowed vengeance upon Monsieur Stigmonus. Becoming a hideous monstrosity, Jordan attempted to make Stigmonus suffer, but realized that it only made his power grow. It was then that Jordan truly understood that Stigmonus was merely a reflection of pain, misery, doubt, despair, and hopelessness and that the only way to truly fight such things was to counter them with hope, light, goodness, love, and forgiveness. Jordan said, “I could almost thank you, Stigmonus - for pushing me so far. I see now… that I had to become you in order to transcend you.” He attempted to show Stigmonus yet another future, one of bliss and infinite potential. “The future doesn’t have to be the abyss you think it will be. Give humankind a chance… give yourself a chance. This is what we can make of the world when we choose to co-create with God. To dream our highest dreams,” he tried to explain. But Stigmonus was unable to view the paradise Jordan showed him. Due to his very existence, Stigmonus could only see the dystopia and hopelessness of reality. And so, Jordan left him there in that alternate realm to “laugh” at him for all eternity.
As Hal Jordan grew to become a true Spirit of Redemption, Monsieur Stigmonus proved to not be the gullible fool the Spectre would believe him to be. He pretended to stay put in his world of despair, but secretly escaped beyond Jordan's notice and began to plot his next move. Deep within the Spectre's temple, Hal Jordan discovered a door that he did not recognize. This was not unusual, as his temple was a part of his very psyche and constantly changing, but this particular door seemed strange and tempting. As Hal approached it, he became engulfed by it and was sucked away from his ordinary plane of existence, landing in another world, another universe, where he never became Green Lantern, but instead married Carol Ferris and became a businessman for Ferris Aircraft following his retirement as a test pilot. His family, unaffected by his adventures as Green Lantern, was complete and alive and happy. It even appeared that Coast City was not destroyed in this alternate reality. Upon appearing in this illusion, Hal seemed to forget his other life entirely.
Meanwhile, Stigmonus resurrected the being known as Sinestro, Hal Jordan's greatest enemy during his time as a Green Lantern. He had rehabilitated Sinestro to health, mind, and, most importantly, will. Together, they attacked a female form of the Spectre who was watching over Jordan's temple and young Helen (at this time, Hal had taken over as Helen's guardian and had recognized his ability to spawn off multiple versions of himself as aspects of his psyche in order to better handle simultaneous situations demanding the Spectre's influence.) However, with the “prime” Spectre lost in a world of make-believe and unaware of his duties in the “real” world, this female Spectre quickly lost her power and eventually collapsed and disintegrated.
In his pseudo-world, Hal was confronted by J’onn J’onzz (the Martian Manhunter) and Green Arrow. Apparently, they’d been frequently having dreams in which he and not Guy Gardner (as it was in this reality) was Green Lantern; dreams so real that they felt it necessary to confront Mr. Jordan about the situation. Upon reading Hal's mind, J’onzz discovered that he knew nothing of the situation and they left him alone. However, Green Arrow appeared again at Ferris Aircraft and decided to confront Jordan again, not satisfied with J’onn's psychic reading. It a moment of stress and panic, Hal referred to Green Arrow as “Oliver” - his real name. Now convinced that Jordan was a part of something sinister, he tried to break it out of him, but was cut short when Sinestro broke his neck and killed him. Sinestro demolished Ferris Aircraft and crushed Hal underneath it. However, out of the ruins emerged an emerald warrior - Hal Jordan, Green Lantern.
All of this, the fake “perfect life”, the rising of Sinestro, and messing with Hal Jordan's psyche, was the doing of Monsieur Stigmonus. A battle erupted in Hal's alternate reality. The Justice League showed up, as did the Spectre. But none of them were able to stop Sinestro. Then, Hal realized what had been happening, regained control of his mind and world, and once again became the Spectre. He escaped his illusion and confronted Sinestro, offering him not punishment, but redemption. Sinestro refused and chose Hell over Jordan's offer. Finally, Stigmonus presented himself. He claimed responsibility for bringing Sinestro back, but claimed he merely “open a door that was already there” as far as Jordan's dream-world was concerned. The two of them parted ways, with Hal not sure what to make of Stigmonus. After all, he really hadn’t done any real damage and claimed to be simply showing Hal something he needed to see. His intention, he said, would only be discovered in time.
Monsieur Stigmonus’ final quote: “When we sleep, when we dream, there’s no question of real or unreal. We accept the totality of our experience. We believe it - to the core of our being. All we think, all we feel has weight and depth and meaning. The people we share our dreams with are intimately woven into our hearts. If I stepped into your dream and told you that your life had no more substance than a random thought - would you believe me? Or would you laugh and call me mad?”
Relationships
*Monsieur Stigmonus was loosely based on another character created by J.M. DeMatteis, Termineus, from his short-lived Man-Thing series.
Bibliography
*The Spectre vol. 4, #6-8 (August 2001 - October 2001, DC Comics). Collectively known as "The Redeemer".
*The Spectre vol. 4, #21-23 (November 2002 - January 2003, DC Comics). Collectively known as "The Resurrection of Sinestro".

5 Minute Dharma is an English-language podcast that seeks to give people practical Buddhist wisdom for everyday life. The podcast released a 5-minute episode once per week on Fridays. It is hosted by Dr. Jay N. Forrest.
Host
Forrest hosts and produces the show. He studied Buddhism for over 14 years, both through self-study and through classes, and has been formally trained in Zen and Vipassana meditation practices. Forrest's background and education is in Christianity. He holds a Doctorate of Ministry degree and, until becoming a Buddhist, had spent 23 years in Christian ministry as a church pastor in Wisconsin, Missouri, Tennessee, Arizona, and New Mexico.
History
The 5 Minute Dharma podcast launched on 3 December 2012. The show was the first exclusively Buddhist podcast on iHeart Radio Talk. , the podcast has had over 100,000 downloads.
Format
The podcast is designed to be a simple, non-scholarly introduction to Buddhism. Technical words are kept to a minimum, and when used are explained in plain English. The podcast is in the style of Dharma talks, which tend to be more conversational and friendly.