Kingdom of Balkhara is the subject of a fringe theory on the originating homeland of the Bulgar people. It is popularised by some Bulgarian historians (for example: Georgi Bakalov, Petar Dobrev, Ian Mladjov) to have been the earliest known state of the Bulgars, situated in the upper course of Oxus River (present Amu Darya), and the foothills and valleys of Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon). Peter Dobrev places the date of the kingdom around the 12th century BC.
The theory is based on the presumed relationship between the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex and the Bulgars.

Onselling of sperm is the practice of a sperm bank selling or otherwise trading or passing its surplus stocks of sperm for use by another entity. The practice is subject to the laws of particular jurisdictions involved in the trade. Sperm banks routinely collect and process sperms from sperm donors which they may use either in fertility treatments or onsell or otherwise pass on to another entity. The onselling may be part of, or even the main business of a particular sperm bank, or may arise where a sperm bank has collected and stored more sperm than it can use within nationally set limits. In the latter case a sperm bank may onsell or export the sperm from a particular donor that it can no longer use within the jurisdiction in which it operates, for use in another jurisdiction, subject to relevant laws. In practice, wherever possible, a sperm bank will use or sell on all the samples stored from a particular donor. Sperm banks which limit the use of a donor's samples within its own jurisdiction, or to a particular number of births, will generally limit the time for which a man may donate his sperm to obtain only the number of samples they intend to use.
Sperm may also be onsold for research or educational purposes, usually after the number of births from the donor concerned has reached the national legal maximum. Sperm may also be used for genetic and fertility testing, and for research into birth control.
United Kingdom situation
UK Sperm banks are permitted to export donor sperm, subject, where exports are to the EU, to the EU Tissues Directive and subject to the sperm banks obtaining the consent of donors even where the donor has been responsible for producing the maximum UK number of ten families. Sperm banks may also store and use sperm for periods in excess of ten years. Donor sperm may also be exported outside the EU but only to clinics and only where those clinics de facto follow the EU rules, including the traceability of samples used in treatments. The combination of these changes enables sperm banks to export sperm and, subject to their obtaining consent to import samples, they may exchange straws with other fertility centres. Many sperm banks or facility clinics exchange vials with overseas clinics and, where they have access to export markets, they will usually maximise the use of a donor by exchanging or otherwise selling vials for export.

Embryos may also be on-sold. These are usually spare embryos which are created through IVF treatment where a woman achieves the number of pregnancies she requires and the resulting embryos may therefore be disposed of. Donor sperm (and donor eggs) may be used in IVF treatments, and as many as eighteen eggs may be fertilized using one vial of donor sperm, although only the most viable of these will be subsequently implanted in a woman in an attempt to achieve a pregnancy. In the case of the UK, the consent of the donors of both the egg and the sperm which were used to create the embryo must be obtained.
On-selling is normally only appropriate where the donor remains anonymous. Sperm banks purchasing sperm samples may in turn on-sell these to other sperm banks and often engage in the process of exchanging samples with other sperm banks. This is a common practice which enables sperm banks to offer a wider variety of donors, as well as to on-sell samples from donors who have reached the maximum permitted number of offspring imposed by, or on, that clinic. On-selling may therefore give rise to numerous pregnancies being produced from individual donors which can sometimes total 100 or more (see above 'Limitation' and the associated link) particularly where a sperm donor donates his sperm for a period of two years or more and where his samples are prepared for IVF use. Sperm from certain donors, such as those with particular blood groups, physical features or intellect, may also be more in demand than sperm from other donors. However, in every case rules as to use and the limitation on the number of pregnancies which apply locally will reduce the risk of consanguinity. The HFEA rules require that records must be kept of every use of donor sperm in the UK and there must be traceability where samples are exported and used abroad. However, individual donors will not be at risk of knowing the large number of births that were produced from the samples they donated. A change in the law in the UK with effect from 1st July 2022 means that sperm may now be stored and used for up to fifty-five years. Where donors have previously given unlimited use of their stored sperm or have had to renew their consent every ten years, this new limit of fifty-five years will apply, as it will to new donors registering after 1st July 2022 unless they choose to impose a shorter limit. The new rule will enable sperm banks to store and export or exchange samples for longer periods and it will mean that the samples from an individual donor will not be required to be used up within a shorter period.
See also
*Sperm donation laws by country

Coca Braun (stylized as coca braun) is an international photographic cooperative owned by its photographer-members, with offices located in Amsterdam, Munich and Berlin.
Founding of agency
Originally, Coca Braun appeared as a German record label based in Munich, Bavaria. The label was founded by Luca Hillen in 2003. Its members included Robin Thomas, Lucas Hillen and Wyn Evans (currently of aeron). Later on Coca Braun expanded into fashion best known for producing T-shirts and baseball caps. In September 2010, Coca Braun announced its formation of a photography pool.
Election of new members
Coca Braun photographers meet once a year, during the second weekend in September, in Amsterdam or Berlin, to discuss Coca Braun affairs. One day at this meeting is set aside for considering and voting on potential new members' portfolios.
Exhibition policy
Every three months, Coca Braun sets off billboard campaigns. 250 posters are spread all over Amsterdam and Berlin then. Most of the time, they depict artwork of one of the cooperation's new members adding the slogan: "show your work at cocabraun.com". The cooperative also publishes a quarterly photography magazine called Pingo, which established a reputation as a training ground for fresh talent. Photographers Mels van der Mede, Martin Fengel, Robin Thomas, Jörg Koopmann, Lucas Hillen and Joseph Trippi have produced work for Pingo.
Pingo
*PINGO I with Lucas Hillen, Saskia Steinmann, Robin Thomas published by coca braun press (February 2008).
*PINGO II with Susi Oestreicher, Lucas Hillen, Saskia Steinmann, Robin Thomas published by coca braun press (September 2008).
*PINGO portraits I with Mels van der Mede, Martin Fengel, Jörg Koopmann, Nora Kapfer, Lucas Hillen, Saskia Steinmann, Robin Thomas, Joseph Tripi published by coca braun press (January 2010).
*PINGO portraits II with Tommy v. Poschinger, Frederic Kastelein, Mels van der Mede, Martin Fengel, Nora Kapfer, Lucas Hillen, Annahita Kamali, Robin Thomas published by coca braun press & papa nuevo books(April 2010).
*PINGO nature with Sara Glahn, Calypso Revillon, Maria Zillich, Thomas Helmbold, Mels van der Mede, Martin Fengel, Nora Kapfer, Lucas Hillen, Dietmar Gunne published by coca braun press & papa nuevo books (January 2011).