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This is a gallery of Lewis structures in 3-D.





Carbon-Hydrogen covalent bond styles

These pictures are 3D Lewis type representations of the carbon-hydrogen bond using different ways of representing the molecule. The rotation is meant to help in visualizing the 3D structure of the molecule.



Space Filled (Carbon - 77pm radius, Hydrogen - 53pm radius)



"see through" Valence Shell

Hydrogen Covalent bonds

In a covalent or two center bond, one electron from the hydrogen drops into the hole of the other element and one electron from the element drops into the hydrogen hole. Distances are in picometers.




If we fill up all the available holes, the molecules become methane from carbon, ammonia from nitrogen and water from oxygen.





Other types of bonding

Carbon bonding and the Hydrocarbons





# In a covalent or two center bond, one electron from each carbon drops into the hole of the other. Other forces keep the elements from being pulled furthur together.
# For the aromatic bond, one electron drops into a hole of the other carbon and the two closest holes par up with two electrons from the other carbon.
# The double covalent bond involves four centers, with two electrons and two holes from each carbon.


Hydrocarbons are made up of hydrogen and carbon molecules bound together in a variety of ways. When you mix hydrogen molecules with carbon molecules, the relative concentrations are very important. Examples of covalent carbon bonds include ethane, the long octane and the round cyclohexane. A ratio of three hydrogen to one carbon will produce a lot of ethane. A ratio closer to two hydrogen to one carbon will produce more of the longer octane.



Examples of the aromatic and double covalent can be found in the pictures of ethylene (left) and the circular benzene below.



Oxygen covalent bonding for alcohols and sugars






A hydrocarbon with a single oxygen-hydrogen bond (a hydroxide, OH for short) on the end is called an alcohol. Two common alcohols methanol and ethanol are examples. Glycerol is a collection of three OH hydroxides stuck to a short carbon chain and can be used to link two or three of the long hydrocarbons to create lipids. The sugar (glucose), acts as a storage facility for the OH bonds.



Alpha Glucose is in a ring structure and flattened out. These combine to become starches and cell coatings. Beta Glucose becomes plant cellulose.



Oxygen double covalent bonding for acids







An organic acid is a hydrocarbon molecule with a with two oxygens and a hydrogen on the end. The hydrogen proton easily comes off forming an acid at that end of the molecule. The simpliest are Formic acid, acetic acid (vinegar). Citric acid acts as a storehouse of this type of bond.



Long hydrocarbon acid chains are called fatty acids. Palmitic and Oleic acids form the basis of lipids, the main building block of biological cell walls.



Nitrogen bonding for Amino and Nucleic acids



Nitrogen with its different charge adds enormous diversity to the structures that can be built. The most important are the structure molecules called amino acids. Proteins are large organic structures built from amino acids. The fundamental binding property of amino acids is to have the 'amino' end of one molecule (where the nitrogen is) bind to the 'acetic' end of the next molecule.

Nitrogen also gives molecules the flexibility to build nucleic acids. This allows information to be encoded, stored and passed on to future generations using the DNA binding code.



See Also

*
* Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory

World Vision: An American Anthem is a televised talent contest now in development. NBC claims it is based on the Eurovision Song Contest, the most widely watched program of its kind in the world.

NBC has bought the rights to the show from the European Broadcasting Union. On this version, American states would send representatives to perform, rather than countries. The format would otherwise be identical to the original show. No date has been set for the premiere of this program.

Some TV critics questioning NBC's motives in buying the program, dismissing it as an attempt to counter the success of American Idol.

Also to be decided are how the contestants are to be selected (whether by organized contests, like Sweden's popular Melodifestivalen, or through open auditions in each state), and whether or not contestants who have current recording contracts will be allowed to compete.

In addition, NBC faces a lawsuit from television creator Maurice Fraser, who claims that he had an idea similar to World Vision in 2004 called Battle of the States. Fraser is seeking production involvement and financial compensation. NBC has acknowledged meeting with Fraser to hear his pitch, but denies stealing the idea from him.

Paul Vato (born November 14), is an American actor and comedian.

Biography
Personal life
Born in Aurora, Illinois, and is of Mexican-American descent. He attended St. Therese Grade School, Sacred Heart Jr. High School, Aurora Central Catholic High School and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

He is married to actress and G Word (Discovery Channel Planet Green) correspondent Sarah Norton. He is the eldest son of Pablo Rodriguez, Sr. and Maria Rosa Rodriguez. He has one brother, Joe Rodriguez, Director of Human Resources for Power Great Lakes, Inc., in Chicago, IL.

Career
In 2001 after landing a role on the Joan Cusack sitcom, What About Joan he moved to Los Angeles, CA to pursue his acting career. His first job in Hollywood was representing Del Taco in their, Belding Award nominated, commercial campaign. Since then, he has represented Submarina California Subs, Cricket Communications, Disney/Dodge Caravan, Toyota RAV4, NFL Network, The Texas Department of Transportation (as a Masked Mexican Wrestler), Simon Malls Visa GiftCard, and most recently, Versus Channel, again, as a (Masked Mexican Wrestler).

He currently has a recurring role on The Sarah Silverman Program and has appeared on MADtv, Cedric the Entertainer Presents, as well as a month long stint as Cesar on The Bold and The Beautiful.

Paul Vato appears alongside Will Sasso (MADtv, Entourage) and Kyle Bornheimer (Worst Week, Blades of Glory) in the 2008 film, For Christ's Sake.


Television appearances
*The Sarah Silverman Program (2008) as Vato, Romanski's Owner

*MADtv (2003 - 2007) as Various Characters
*Cedric the Entertainer Presents (2003) as Jose The Mechanic
*The Bold and the Beautiful (2003) as Cesar
*What About Joan (2001) as Michael The Bartender

Filmography
* For Christ's Sake (2008) as Lance
* Wild Girls Gone (2007) as Cubano

Internet
* Keep It Green (2006-2008) as Producer, Director, Editor
* The House Sitter (2007) as Producer, Director, Editor
* Sperm Troopers (2007) as Producer, Director, Editor
* LooneyGirl25 (2007) as Starring, Producer, Director, Editor
* ' (2006) as Grotto

Radio
* Pocho Hour of Power on KPFK 90.7 FM (2004-2007) as Co-host

Commercials
*Versus Channel as Masked Mexican Wrestler
*Texas Department of Transportation (English) as Executioner / El Verdugo
*Texas Department of Transportation (Spanish) as Executioner / El Verdugo
*Toyota RAV4
*Simon Malls Visa GiftCard
*NFL Network
*Disney/Dodge Caravan
*Submarina California Subs
*Cricket Communications
*Del Taco