List of Turkic dynasties and countries

The following is an incomplete list of historical dynasties which were at some time Turkic or the country they ruled were Turkic-speaking and of modern countries with significant Turkic populations or with an official Turkic language.

Historical confederation of tribes and Turkic dynasties

• Dingling (丁零), Gaocha (高車/高车), Gaocha-Tiele (高車丁零/高车丁零), Tiele (鐵勒/铁勒), Chile (敕勒)
• Oguzes (烏古斯人)
  • Toquz Oghuz (九姓乌护) -> Uyghur
  • Uc-Oghuzes -> Karluks: Chigil, Tukhsi, Yagma
• Turkic Khaganate (552–744) (Göktürks)
  • First Turkic Kaghanate
    • Eastern Turkic Kaghanate
      • Second Eastern Turkic Kaghanate
    • Western Turkic Kaghanate
• Xueyantuo
• Türgesh
• Uyghur Khaganate (744–840)
  • Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
  • Gaochang Uyghur Kingdom
• Kimeks
• Kipchaks/Cumans
• Oghuz (aka Uzes)
• Pechenegs (860-1091)
  • Kangly
• Kyrgyz State (840–920)
• Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1042)
• Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm (1077–1307)
• Anatolian beyliks

• Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)
• Black Sheep Turcomans (1375–1468)
• White Sheep Turcomans (1378–1508)

Turkic dynasties in Europe

• Khazar Empire (7th–10th century)
• Volga Bulgaria
• Great Bulgaria
• First Bulgarian Empire

Turkic dynasties in China

• Wei (Dingling) in China (388–392, founded by Dingling)
• Later Tang Dynasty in China (923–936, founded by Shato)
• Later Jin Dynasty in China (936–947, founded by Shato)
• Later Han Dynasty in China (947–951, founded by Shato)

Turkic dynasties in the Arab World

• Tulunids (868–905)
• Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969)
• Rasulids (1228–1455)
• Bahri dynasty of Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) (1250–1382)

Turkic dynasties in the Indian subcontinent

• Delhi Sultanate in India (1206–1526)
  • Mamluk dynasty (1206–90)
  • Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413)

Turco-Mongol dynasties

• Keraits
• Naimans
• Öngüts
• Chagatai Khanate (Qara'unas)
• Golden Horde (aka Kipchak Khanate) (1227–1502) (Turkicized nomadic confederation, originally ruled by a Mongol elite)
• Sufids (1361–1379) (aka Kingdom of Khwarizm)
• Timurid dynasty (1370–1506) (Persianized dynasty of Turko-Mongol origin)
• Jagoldai (15th–17th century)
• Kazan Khanate (1438–1552)
• Astrakhan Khanate (1430s–1554)
• Siberia Khanate (1430s–1576)
• Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)
• Kazakh Khanate (1456–1731)
• Mughal Empire (Built and ruled by the Baburid dynasty of Turco-Mongol origin, with the adoption of the Persian culture and language).
• Qasim Khanate (15th–17th centuries)

Turco-Afghan dynasties

• Delhi Sultanate in India (1206–1526)
  • Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)

Turco-Persian states

Some Turco-Persian states were founded in Greater Iran.

• Ghaznavid Empire (962–1187) (ruled by a thoroughly Persianized family of Turkic mamluk origin)
• Khwarezmian Empire (ruled by a family of Turkic mamluk origin.)
• Great Seljuk Empire (1073–1307) (ruled by a predominantly Persian-speaking clan of originally Oghuz Turkic descent. The majority of the population was Iranian.)
• Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
• Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
• Qajar dynasty (1781–1925) (A Persianized dynasty of originally Turkic Oghuz descent which ruled Persia).

Former and defunct Turkic governments

• (1913)

• Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918)

• (1918–1919)

• (1918–1919)

• Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)

• Turkestan ASSR (1918–1924)

• Bukhara People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)

• Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)

• Azerbaijan SSR (1920–1991)

• People's Republic of Tannu Tuva (1921–1944)

• Uzbek SSR (1924–1991)

• Turkmen SSR (1924–1991)

• Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1933–1934)

• Kazakh SSR (1936–1991)

• Kyrgyz SSR (1936–1991)

• Hatay State (1938–1939)

• East Turkistan Republic (1944–1949)

Current states

Independent states

• Azerbaijan (1991) – 90 % Azeris.

• Kazakhstan (1991) – 67 % Kazakhs.

• Kyrgyzstan (1991) – 64.9 % Kyrgyzs, 13.8 % Uzbeks.

• Turkey (1923) - 70–75 % Turkish, 1.14% Azeris

• Turkmenistan (1991) – 85 % Turkmens

• Uzbekistan (1991) – 80 % Uzbeks, 3 % Kazakhs, 2.5 % Karakalpaks, 1.5 Tatars.

De facto state

This republic is recognized only by Turkey.

• Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983) – 67.54 % Turkish Cypriot, 32.45 % Turkish

Federal subjects of Russia

• Turkic majority

  • – 29.8 % Bashkirs, 24.1 % Tatars, 2.9 % Chuvashs

  • – 67.7 % Chuvashs, 2.8 % Tatars

  • – 52.9 % Tatars, 3.4 % Chuvashs

  • – 77 % Tuvans, 0.4 % Khakas

• Turkic titular nation, but minority

  • – 33.5 % Altay, 6.0 % Kazakhs

  • – 38.5 % Karachays, 3.4 % Nogais

  • Yakutiya – 45.5 % Yakuts, 0.1 % Dolgans

  • – 11.5 % Balkars

Other autonomous regions

• Gagauzia in Moldova – 82 % Gagauzs.

• Crimea in Ukraine – 12 % Crimean Tatars

• Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan – 36 % Uzbeks, 32 % Karakalpaks, 25 % Kazakhs.

• Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan – 99 % Azeris.

• Xinjiang in China – 45.21 % Uygurs, 6.74 % Kazakhs, 0.86 % Kyrgyzs, 0.66 % Uzbeks, 0.02 % Tatars.

• Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in China – 61.14 % Salars.

See also

• Turkic peoples
• Turkic languages
• Timeline of the Turks (500–1300)
• Nomadic empire
• Historic states represented in Turkish presidential seal

Further reading

• Cotterell, A., The Imperial Capitals of China: A Dynastic History of the Celestial Empire, 2008, The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-007-0
• Findley, C.V., The Turks in World History, 2005, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6
• Forbes Manz, B., The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, 2002, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63384-2
• Grousset, R., The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1991, Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
• Hupchick, D.P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism, 2002, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6417-3
• Lewis, Bernard. "Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire", 1963, University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806110600.
• Nicole, D., PhD., Attila and the Huns, 1990, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-034-X
• Paludan, A., Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China, 1998, Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0500050903
• Saunders, J.J., The History of the Mongol Conquests, 2001, Routledge & Kegan Ltd. ISBN 978-0812217667
• Thackston, W.M., The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, 2002, Modern Library. ISBN 978-0375761379
• Vásáry, I., Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365, 2005, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521837569

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