Iwoki
The Iwoki is a royal guild associated with the court of the ('king') of the Kingdom of Benin and traditionally attached to the palace society. Benin traditions attribute its establishment to the reign of Esigie in the early sixteenth century. Sources associate the guild with several functions, such as the care of royal firearms and cannon, the ceremonial protection of the , astrology or celestial observation, and the interpretation of weather and eclipses. Traditions also connect the Iwoki with Europeans who resided at the Benin court during Esigie's reign, particularly figures remembered as Ava or Avan and Uti.
History
Benin historical tradition places the formation of the Iwoki during Esigie's reign of the Kingdom of Benin, a period of sustained diplomatic, commercial and missionary contact with Portugal. Historian Jacob Egharevba associates Esigie with a practice called or , which he interprets as astrology. Academics Peter Roese and Ronald Smith describe the guild as belonging to the palace establishment and they connect its early development with both metalworking and the arrival of European firearms.
Traditions identify two Europeans, "Ava" or "Avan" and "Uti", as founders or early members of the guild. Historian Kathy Curnow interprets Avan's name as being associated with thunder and the sound of firearms, while Uti is glossed as "terror". Percy Amaury Talbot proposed that Ava might preserve the name of the Portuguese visitor João Afonso de Aveiro, but Roese and Smith regard the identification as uncertain. Curnow states that Avan and Uti became courtiers, accompanied Esigie in warfare and were commemorated in court artworks.
Functions
Firearms and ceremonial functions
The Iwoki were associated with the maintenance and guarding of guns and cannon belonging to the royal establishment. Roese and Smith also suggest that members may have produced cannonballs and they connect the guild with blacksmithing and the palace's wider relationship with iron technology. Historians Joseph Osagie and Frank Ikponmwosa classify the Iwoki among Benin palace guilds as astrologers, meteorologists and specialists associated with cannon. During certain ceremonies, two Iwoki stood beside the carrying shields or firearms. Roese and Smith interpret this practice as preserving a memory of armed Portuguese attendants who were said to have protected Esigie during the political and military conflicts of his reign. The guild's connection with firearms continued after the period of first Portuguese contact. Later Benin artworks include armed court figures whose guns and ceremonial roles have been interpreted as references to Iwoki membership.
Celestial and ritual functions
The Iwoki were also associated with astrology, astronomy, weather and unusual celestial events. Prince Eweka, a son of Eweka II and younger brother of Akenzua II, described members as observing or interpreting weather, eclipses and other phenomena in the sky. During lunar eclipses, members performed sacrifices in a rite described as ('to repair the moon'). These celestial functions coexisted with the guild's responsibility for firearms instead of forming a separate institution. Roese and Smith write that the combination of artillery, metalworking, ritual protection and celestial observation gives the Iwoki an unusually broad range of functions among Benin palace organisations.
Shrines and palace associations
A shrine known as was associated with the Iwoki and with Ogun, the deity connected with iron and warfare. Northcote W. Thomas recorded a complex near the Ikpoba road that tradition associated with Esigie and the Iwoki. Features of the site were interpreted as shrines connected with Esigie, Uti, Avan, firearms, the sun and the moon, although Roese and Smith regard several of these identifications as provisional.
Iwoki's association with Ogun linked its military responsibilities with the ritual use of iron and firearms. Later reports of old guns and cannon receiving offerings within palace or shrine settings provide additional evidence for the ceremonial treatment of firearms in Benin, although the dates and origins of individual weapons cannot always be established.
Name and interpretation
The etymology of Iwoki is unresolved. Egharevba and later writers connect the name with , referring to astrology or celestial observation. It has also been compared with , an Edo term used for Portuguese people or their language. Anthropologist Dmitri Bondarenko proposed that the Iwoki may have functioned as an institutional intermediary between the palace and Europeans. Roese and Smith present the proposal as an interpretation rather than an established historical function of the guild.
See also
- Esigie
- Igun Eronmwon
- Art of the Kingdom of Benin