The Broadcast Protection Discussion Group (BPDG) is a working group comprised of content providers, television broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers, information technology companies, interested individuals and consumer activists. The group was formed specifically for the purpose of evaluating the suitability of the broadcast flag for preventing unauthorized redistribution (including unauthorized redistribution over the Internet of unencrypted digital terrestrial broadcast television (DTV)) and to determine whether there was substantial support for the broadcast flag. The group completed its mission with The Release of the BPDG Report. The BPDG has reached a consensus on the use of a technical broadcast flag standard for digital broadcast copy protection. The broadcast flag is an electronic marker embedded in over-the-air digital broadcast signals that would block or limit the ability of consumer electronics devices to make copies of the programs. The broadcast flag would also prevent the redistribution of such programs over the Internet. Despite reaching a consensus on this standard, the BPDG did not reach any agreement concerning how to implement the use of the flag or enforce it.

Digital TV programs protection using broadcast flags

The group proposed that digital TV programs be embedded with a "broadcast flag." All digital devices would be required to recognize the flag, which would prevent the protected content from being distributed on the Internet. The report states, "The proposed technical solution does not interfere with the ability of consumers to both make copies of DTV content, and to exchange such content among devices connected within a digital home network."

BPDG publications

After several meetings, the BPDG has published some reports in order to enforce the idea of the broadcast flag. Those publications are:

• BPDG Final Reportl
• Summary of EFF Report on BPDG
• Full EFF Report on BPDG
• Table A

What is EFF?

EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation) is a nonprofit group of passionate people — lawyers, technologists, volunteers, and visionaries — working to protect the digital rights. Blending the expertise of lawyers, policy analysts, activists, and technologists, EFF achieves significant victories on behalf of consumers and the general public. EFF fights for freedom primarily in the courts, bringing and defending lawsuits even when that means taking on the US government or large corporations. By mobilizing more than 50,000 concerned citizens through our Action Center, EFF beats back bad legislation. In addition to advising policymakers, EFF educates the press and public. Sometimes just defending technologies isn't enough, so EFF also supports the development of freedom-enhancing inventions.

Policy group is not a CPTWG sub-group?

Several CPTWG (Copy Protection Technical Working Group) participants indicated at CPTWG's June 5 meeting that the "parallel group" or "policy group" is "not a sub-group of CPTWG or "not part of CPTWG".

Broadcast flag is not a watermark

Some recent press coverage of BPDG refers to the BPDG proposal as recommending a watermark in digital TV broadcasts. This is a misperception of the nature of the broadcast flag. (There is a distinct proposal called the broadcast watermark which was not discussed extensively within BPDG and is not part of the BPDG's published recommendations.)

A watermark is commingled directly with the signal it marks, and thereby alters the signal (ideally, in an imperceptible way). By contrast, the broadcast flag exists side-by-side with video content it marks.

If we are looking for terms to describe the broadcast flag, rather than watermark, we might try "bit", "indicator", "flag", "descriptor", "tag", "header field", or "notice". But using "watermark" is sure to show confusion, especially because watermark proposals distinct from BPDG do exist. Watermarking is likely to be a big issue soon in a public forum near us-- but not as a part of BPDG's proposal.

Misconceptions about BPDG

An article by John Dvorak seems to contain a misconception: that the result of BPDG's work will be the obsolescence of current digital TV receivers. As Dvorak writes:

"it appears that the new copy-protection schemes being dreamed up by Hollywood will make every single HDTV set sold to date obsolete. And buyers of new sets are not being told about this situation in a dubious attempt to dump very expensive inventory."

What happened was that the Hollywood folks, who are just freaked over the possibility that we'll be copying HDTV movies, have promoted copy protection that requires the decode circuit to be built into the display, not into the set-top box. This requires the set-top box to send a signal to a connector that new HDTV sets will have. If you're thinking of buying an HDTV, don't, unless it has this connector and circuit-whenever they are finalized."

Our impression is that Dvorak has got the situation backwards. Old equipment will continue to work. This is because BPDG isn't planning to encrypt broadcasts at all -- merely to cause them to include a "broadcast flag", and to obtain legislation forcing all manufacturers to comply with its rules.

The result of this would be that old equipment would be better and more useful than new equipment. Not only would it work properly, but it wouldn't have been crippled by having to comply with the Compliance and Robustness Rules. This is to say that old equipment would be more functional, not less functional, than new equipment.

Alphabet soup

"BPDG wants the FCC to mandate DRM for ATSC DTB receivers..."

In the body of this article, there are expansions for about 80 of the most common acronyms we used in discussions about this issue. (The acronyms expanded include every acronym which appears in the BPDG's Draft Compliance and Robustness Rules, among others.)

Of course, this it not enough to appreciate the context behind these acronyms. For example, knowing that PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association gives no clue that the Association in question published a standard for tiny removable cards used in laptops. Hearing that 8/VSB means "8-level vestigial side band" explains nothing about 8/VSB's role in digital television broadcasting (that is DTB for the initiated).

The following list contains some of the most important acronyms related to this subject:

4C

4 companies

5C

5 companies

8/VSB

8 level vestigial side band

AC3

audio code 3

ADC

analog to digital converter, analog to digital conversion

AGP

accelerated graphics port

AHRA

audio home recording act

ASIC

application-specific integrated circuit

ATSC

advanced television systems committee

BF

broadcast flag

BPDG

broadcast protection discussion group

BW

broadcast watermark

CA

conditional access

CBDTPA

consumer broadband and digital television promotion act

CE

consumer electronics

CEA

consumer electronics association

CIG

computer industry group

CMI

copyright management information

CP

copy protection, content protection

CPRM

content protection for recordable media

CPTWG

copy protection technical working group

CRT

cathode ray tube

CSS

content scramble system

D-VHS

digital VHS

DAC

digital to analog converter, digital to analog conversion

DMCA

digital millennium copyright act

DRM

digital rights management

DT

digital terrestrial

DTB

digital terrestrial broadcasting, digital terrestrial broadcast

DTCP

digital transmission content protection

DTLA

digital transmission licensing administrator

DTV

digital television

DVD

digital versatile disc

DVDCCA

DVD copy control association

DVI

digital video interface

ECM

entitlement control message

EEPROM

electrically erasable programmable read-only memory

EFF

electronic frontier foundation

EIT

event information table

EPN

encryption plus non-assertion

FCC

federal communications commission

FPGA

field-programmable gate array

HD

high definition

HDCP

high-bandwidth digital content protection

HDTV

high-definition television

HRRC

home recording rights coalition

IEC

international electrotechnical commission

IF

intermediate frequency

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

IP

intellectual property

IP

internet protocol

IT

information technology

LAN

local-area network

LMI

license management incorporated

MEI

Matsushita Electrical Industrial Corporation

MPAA

motion picture association of America

MPEG

motion picture experts group

NAB

national association of broadcasters

NCTA

national cable and telecommunications association

NTSC

national television standards committee

OOB

out of band

OTA

over the air

PAL

phase alternating line

PC

personal computer

PC

printed circuit

PCI

peripheral component interconnect

PCM

pulse code modulation

PCMCIA

personal computer memory card international association

PMT

program map table

POD

point of deployment

PSIP

program and system information protocol

PVR

personal video recorder

QAM

quadrature amplitude modulation

RC

redistribution control [descriptor]

RD

redistribution descriptor

RF

radiofrequency

SCMS

serial copy management system

SCR

software-controlled radio

SD

standard definition

SDR

software-defined radio

SI

system information

SPDIF

sony/philips digital interface

SSSCA

security systems standards and certification act

STB

set-top box

TPM

technological protection measure

TS

transport stream

TSP

transport stream processor, transport stream processing

TV

television

VCR

videocassette recorder

VHDL

vhsic hardware descrption language

VOD

video on demand

What is Table A?

Many of the practical consequences of the BPDG proposal for consumers (and for competition in the marketplace) lie in a yet-to-be-written appendix to the specification. This appendix, called Table A, enumerates the kinds of digital outputs which are allowed on devices which can receive digital TV signals. The idea is that a device which receives a TV program with the Broadcast Flag set is not allowed to output the content of that program in digital form, except via a technology specifically mentioned on Table A.

This raises three questions: first, why should this be so? (What's wrong with letting device manufacturers choose for themselves what kinds of outputs their devices will have? If consumers want a particular kind of output, why shouldn't they have it? Why should legislation determine the capabilities of future digital televisions?) Second, what technologies will be permitted? Third, how is that decision going to be made?

The first question goes to the heart of the BPDG proposal and is addressed elsewhere (at least, by skeptics of BPDG; we haven't seen much in the way of a public defense of this mandate, which is being represented as a fait accompli in most circles).

The second and third questions are empirical matters. An earlier draft of the BPDG Compliance and Robustness Rules divided Table A into Authorized [Digital] Outputs and Authorized [Digital Removable Media] Recording Methods. The two Authorized Outputs mentioned were DTCP and HDCP; the two Recording Methods mentioned were CPRM and D-VHS.

DTCP ("Digital Transmission Content Protection") is a copy-control scheme for digital video devised by five companies (called the "5C consortium"). HDCP ("High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection") is a similar copy-control scheme devices by only four companies (the "4C consortium"). Both of these schemes restrict what a consumer can do with digital video; both require a license if a device manufacturer is going to be able to implement them; both constrain the functionality of products in which they are incorporated. Both cost money to implement -- the licenses are not free. DTCP encrypts video transmitted over a digital bus called IEEE 1394 (or "FireWire"). HDCP encrypts video transmitted over a different -- and video-specific -- bus called DVI ("Digital Video Interface")]]. The encryption, in both cases, is meant to "protect" the content against the consumer, and to restrict playback of the content to "authorized", licensed devices.

CPRM (Content Protection for Recordable Media) is an encryption scheme for recordable media which is also meant to prevent media from being played back in devices other than those licensed by the 4C consortium. D-VHS is a new digital videotape spec which -- you guessed it -- also prevents media from being played back, except in licensed devices.

So here the suggestion was that four particular copy-control technologies, all closed standards and all of which have "compliance and robustness rules" of their own, were to be permitted as outputs from digital television receivers; all other video standards, and all other recording media, were to be banned by default.

Since the BPDG was formed by companies from the 5C and 4C consortia, it is difficult to imagine that it would recommend that their technologies not be permitted. Subsequently, the specific technology list was removed from Table A; the current discussion draft from BPDG does not contain any specific technologies at all, though it still bans "unauthorized" technologies by default. But now Table A has been left blank, and a discussion has begun about a proper procedure for choosing technologies to be added. (This shift took place as a result of a discussion at the last BPDG in-person meeting in Los Angeles.)

Interestingly, all current proposals for filling in Table A seem to involve agreement by some number of major movie studios -- that is, members of the MPAA -- and, perhaps, agreement by some number of major electronics companies or other corporations. No agreement has been reached within BPDG, but various "vehicles" or "methods" for approving technologies have been suggested. These typically employ a formula such as "n% of Major Studios and m% of manufacturers". No studio proposal, to our knowledge, has yet contemplated the possibility that technologies could be approved without any Hollywood sign-off. Thus, the discussion appears to be centered on choosing values for the percentages to be plugged into these formulas.

See also

• Watermarking
• Bandera de transmisión

External links

• Broadcast Protection Discussion Group home page
• EFF home page