In enzymology, a phosphoinositide phospholipase C () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + diacylglycerol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate, and inositoltrisphosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in 18 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, erbb signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, wnt signaling pathway, vegf signaling pathway, gap junction, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, fc epsilon ri signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, gnrh signaling pathway, melanogenesis, epithelial cell signaling in helicobacter pylori, , glioma, and non-small cell lung cancer.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 23 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + diacylglycerol
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate inositoltrisphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase, phosphoinositidase C, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase, monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, PI-PLC, 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate, and inositoltrisphosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in 18 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, erbb signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, wnt signaling pathway, vegf signaling pathway, gap junction, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, fc epsilon ri signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, gnrh signaling pathway, melanogenesis, epithelial cell signaling in helicobacter pylori, , glioma, and non-small cell lung cancer.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 23 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
Shwayze is "the only and the therefore the dopest black kid in Malibu." He is well on his way to making a fortune as a recording artist. He just recently signed a two album contract to major record label Suretone Records (a division of interscope). He also has many corporate sponsors such as RVCA Clothing and Vonzipper Eyewear. He has collaborated with well known artist like Cisco Adler the rich boy rocker from the band Whitestarr. Shwayze continues to take hip hop to a whole new dimension and he will show the world on the 2008 vans warped tour along with his up and coming MTV reality show.
The Worlds of the 52 multiverse were created by DC Comics as part of thier Infinite Crisis/Final Crisis series of comic book events.
While many of the worlds resemble existing worlds, it has been made clear by writers and edits that they are not direct copies of them
New Earth
This is the main universe, and contains most of the characters and stories since Infinite Crisis.
It is a continuation of the "main universe" which has been published in various stories by DC Comics since in 1939.
Earth-1
In the comic introducing the 52, the character Rip Hunter mentioned that New Earth and Earth-1 are separate alternate universes. Nothing else is know about this Earth. There are some references to New Earth as Earth 1, but they are generally considered mistakes by writers. Due to Earth 2 resembling Earth Two there is some speculation that it resembles Earth-1.
Earth-2
Resembles Earth-Two, and a newspaper article says that this world's Superman and Powergirl are missing. This reflects Earth Two Superman's death in Infinite Crisis, and the revelation during Infinite Crisis that Powergirl came from Earth Two.
Earth-3
Resembles the pre-Crisis Earth-Three, the Antimatter Earth and JLA:Earth-2. This Earth is home to the Crime Society of America which has been described as a "world full of evil doppelgangers of Earth-2."
Earth-4
Resembles the pre-Crisis Earth-Four.
Described as a film noir world populated by alternate versions of the Charlton Comics characters that uses story elements from the Watchmen limited series
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (single panel)
Characters
* Characters purchased from Charlton by DC.
Earth-5
Resembles the pre-Crisis Earth-S. Earth-5 was first used to name an analogue for Earth-S during Infinite Crisis
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (single panel)
Characters
* Marvel Family
* A new Green Lantern
Earth-6
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #2
Characters
* Ray Palmer (former The Atom, current The Ray)
Earth-7
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #2
Characters
* Courtney Whitmore (Stargirl)
Earth-8/Angor
Resembles pre-crisis Angor
Appearances
* Countdown #29
* Lord Havok & The Extremists
Characters
* Lord Havok & The Extremists
Earth-9
Resembles the Tangent comics universe.
Appearances
* Tangent: Superman's Reign #1
Characters
Characters from Tangent comics.
Earth-10
Resembles Earth-X.
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (panel)
* Countdown To Adventure #2 (2007) (full)
Characters
* Characters from Quality comics.
* JL-Axis: a alternate Nazi version of the Justice League.
Earth-11
Gender-reversed world.
Appearances
* Superman/Batman #23-25
* Countdown: Arena #1
* Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer - Superwoman/Batwoman #1
Characters
* Superwoman
* Batwoman
Earth-12
Characters shown in the Batman Beyond television series.
Appearances
* Countdown to Final Crisis #21
* Countdown: Arena #1
Characters
* Batman
* A new Green Lantern
Earth-13
Large portion of the America destroyed.
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #1
Characters
* A version Nightshade known as Eve of Shadows.
Earth-14
Has not appeared.
Former Earth-15
According to Countdown: Arena website, Earth-15 is referred to as a place where heroes "have evolved to become nearly perfect beings.
Destroyed by Superman Prime during its second appearance.
Appearances
* Countdown #30
Characters (All deceased)
* Lex Luthor - Humanitarian)
* Superman (General Zod) - semi-retired
* Joker - long deceased.
* sidekicks who assumed thier mentor's roles
* the Atom (Jessica Palmer)
* an alternate Martian Manhunter and Cyborg.
Earth-16
Home of the Super-Sons (Superman Jr. and Batman Jr.).
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #1
Characters
Superman (Christopher Kent)
Earth-17
Home of The Great Disaster.
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (one panel)
Characters
* Atomic Knights
* Komandi
* An Ape Starman
Earth-19
Resembles the Earth of Batman: Gotham by Gaslight.
Characters
* Batman.
* Jack the Ripper.
Earth-20
Has not appeared.
Earth-21
Resembles the Earth of DC: The New Frontier.
Appearances
* DC: The New Frontier
Characters
* DC: The New Frontier
Earth-22
Resembles the Earth of Kingdom Come.
Characters
* The Kingdom Come Superman.
Earth-23
Has not appeared.
Earth-24
Has not appeared.
Earth-25
Has not appeared.
Earth-27
Has not appeared.
Earth-28
Has not appeared.
Earth-29
Has not appeared.
Earth-31
From the "Absolute Power" storyarc from Superman/Batman.
Characters
* Saturn Queen, Cosmic King, and Lightning Lord.
* Batman and Superman.
Earth-32
Resembles the Earth of Batman: In Darkest Knight.
Significant Characters
* Bruce Wayne - Green Lantern.
Earth-35
Has not appeared.
Earth-36
Has not appeared.
Earth-40
Earth-41
Has not appeared.
Earth-42
Has not appeared.
Earth-43
Resembles the Earth of Batman and Dracula.
Earth-44
Has not appeared.
Earth-45
Has not appeared.
Earth-46
Has not appeared.
Earth-47
Has not appeared.
Earth-49
Has not appeared.
Earth-50
The Wildstorm Universe.
Earth-51
Has not appeared.
While many of the worlds resemble existing worlds, it has been made clear by writers and edits that they are not direct copies of them
New Earth
This is the main universe, and contains most of the characters and stories since Infinite Crisis.
It is a continuation of the "main universe" which has been published in various stories by DC Comics since in 1939.
Earth-1
In the comic introducing the 52, the character Rip Hunter mentioned that New Earth and Earth-1 are separate alternate universes. Nothing else is know about this Earth. There are some references to New Earth as Earth 1, but they are generally considered mistakes by writers. Due to Earth 2 resembling Earth Two there is some speculation that it resembles Earth-1.
Earth-2
Resembles Earth-Two, and a newspaper article says that this world's Superman and Powergirl are missing. This reflects Earth Two Superman's death in Infinite Crisis, and the revelation during Infinite Crisis that Powergirl came from Earth Two.
Earth-3
Resembles the pre-Crisis Earth-Three, the Antimatter Earth and JLA:Earth-2. This Earth is home to the Crime Society of America which has been described as a "world full of evil doppelgangers of Earth-2."
Earth-4
Resembles the pre-Crisis Earth-Four.
Described as a film noir world populated by alternate versions of the Charlton Comics characters that uses story elements from the Watchmen limited series
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (single panel)
Characters
* Characters purchased from Charlton by DC.
Earth-5
Resembles the pre-Crisis Earth-S. Earth-5 was first used to name an analogue for Earth-S during Infinite Crisis
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (single panel)
Characters
* Marvel Family
* A new Green Lantern
Earth-6
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #2
Characters
* Ray Palmer (former The Atom, current The Ray)
Earth-7
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #2
Characters
* Courtney Whitmore (Stargirl)
Earth-8/Angor
Resembles pre-crisis Angor
Appearances
* Countdown #29
* Lord Havok & The Extremists
Characters
* Lord Havok & The Extremists
Earth-9
Resembles the Tangent comics universe.
Appearances
* Tangent: Superman's Reign #1
Characters
Characters from Tangent comics.
Earth-10
Resembles Earth-X.
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (panel)
* Countdown To Adventure #2 (2007) (full)
Characters
* Characters from Quality comics.
* JL-Axis: a alternate Nazi version of the Justice League.
Earth-11
Gender-reversed world.
Appearances
* Superman/Batman #23-25
* Countdown: Arena #1
* Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer - Superwoman/Batwoman #1
Characters
* Superwoman
* Batwoman
Earth-12
Characters shown in the Batman Beyond television series.
Appearances
* Countdown to Final Crisis #21
* Countdown: Arena #1
Characters
* Batman
* A new Green Lantern
Earth-13
Large portion of the America destroyed.
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #1
Characters
* A version Nightshade known as Eve of Shadows.
Earth-14
Has not appeared.
Former Earth-15
According to Countdown: Arena website, Earth-15 is referred to as a place where heroes "have evolved to become nearly perfect beings.
Destroyed by Superman Prime during its second appearance.
Appearances
* Countdown #30
Characters (All deceased)
* Lex Luthor - Humanitarian)
* Superman (General Zod) - semi-retired
* Joker - long deceased.
* sidekicks who assumed thier mentor's roles
* the Atom (Jessica Palmer)
* an alternate Martian Manhunter and Cyborg.
Earth-16
Home of the Super-Sons (Superman Jr. and Batman Jr.).
Appearances
* Countdown: Arena #1
Characters
Superman (Christopher Kent)
Earth-17
Home of The Great Disaster.
Appearances
* 52 Week 52 (one panel)
Characters
* Atomic Knights
* Komandi
* An Ape Starman
Earth-19
Resembles the Earth of Batman: Gotham by Gaslight.
Characters
* Batman.
* Jack the Ripper.
Earth-20
Has not appeared.
Earth-21
Resembles the Earth of DC: The New Frontier.
Appearances
* DC: The New Frontier
Characters
* DC: The New Frontier
Earth-22
Resembles the Earth of Kingdom Come.
Characters
* The Kingdom Come Superman.
Earth-23
Has not appeared.
Earth-24
Has not appeared.
Earth-25
Has not appeared.
Earth-27
Has not appeared.
Earth-28
Has not appeared.
Earth-29
Has not appeared.
Earth-31
From the "Absolute Power" storyarc from Superman/Batman.
Characters
* Saturn Queen, Cosmic King, and Lightning Lord.
* Batman and Superman.
Earth-32
Resembles the Earth of Batman: In Darkest Knight.
Significant Characters
* Bruce Wayne - Green Lantern.
Earth-35
Has not appeared.
Earth-36
Has not appeared.
Earth-40
Earth-41
Has not appeared.
Earth-42
Has not appeared.
Earth-43
Resembles the Earth of Batman and Dracula.
Earth-44
Has not appeared.
Earth-45
Has not appeared.
Earth-46
Has not appeared.
Earth-47
Has not appeared.
Earth-49
Has not appeared.
Earth-50
The Wildstorm Universe.
Earth-51
Has not appeared.
Dr. R. Charli Carpenter earned her Ph.D. at the University of Oregon in Political Science in 2003. Her major field of study was, International Relations and her minor field, Comparative Politics, Political Theory. Dr. Carpenter earned her M.A. from New Mexico State University in 1998, and her B.A. from NMSU as well, both in Global Governance. She is an Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh at the graduate school of Public and International Affairs. Dr. Carpenter's current research focuses include Children Born of Wartime Rape, Transnational Advocacy Networks, Active Learning in Global Affairs as well as the Law of Armed Conflict.
Publications
Dr. Carpenter is the author of "Innocent Women and Children" and the editor of "Rules of War". In addition, she has almost a dozen academic journal publications. Carpenter has also written several book chapters as well as book reviews. All of which can be found at her website.
Personal
In her spare time, Dr. Carpenter enjoys spending time with her family as well as snowboarding and surfing.
Teaching
As an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Carpenter teaches four classes. Humanitarianism in World Politics, Global Governance, Rules of War, and Gender and International Security. The courses are all offered through the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA).
Additional Research Interests
Dr. Carpenter's research interests include: national security ethics, the laws of war, transnational advocacy networks, gender and political violence, war crimes, comparative genocide studies, humanitarian affairs and the role of information technology in human security.
Publications
Dr. Carpenter is the author of "Innocent Women and Children" and the editor of "Rules of War". In addition, she has almost a dozen academic journal publications. Carpenter has also written several book chapters as well as book reviews. All of which can be found at her website.
Personal
In her spare time, Dr. Carpenter enjoys spending time with her family as well as snowboarding and surfing.
Teaching
As an assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh, Dr. Carpenter teaches four classes. Humanitarianism in World Politics, Global Governance, Rules of War, and Gender and International Security. The courses are all offered through the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA).
Additional Research Interests
Dr. Carpenter's research interests include: national security ethics, the laws of war, transnational advocacy networks, gender and political violence, war crimes, comparative genocide studies, humanitarian affairs and the role of information technology in human security.