The Birchler Lab originally began at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA. In 1993, the Birchler Lab moved to its current location in 117 Tucker Hall on the campus of the University of Missouri–Columbia. The lab is run by Dr. James A. Birchler.
Research Overview
Their longest standing research area has been how changes in chromosomal dosage affect gene expression and the organism. The results indicate that most regulatory processes in multicellular eukaryotes have evolved to be expressed at a level and to operate in such a manner that they are rate limiting on phenotypic characteristics. This property of regulatory mechanisms has implications for a number of genetic phenomena as described below.
Both positive and negative dosage effects operate, although the latter are in the majority. One dose of a chromosome arm often increases target gene expression throughout the genome approximately two-fold relative to the normal diploid. The corresponding three doses can reduce gene expression to a lower limit of two thirds. If such modulation is produced by a chromosomal arm and it has an effect on a target gene varied on the same segment, the change in structural gene dosage is cancelled by this “inverse dosage effect” and dosage compensation results.
They are interested in how dosage dependent regulatory genes control the process of X chromosomal dosage compensation in Drosophila. Their recent work suggests that as the heteromorphic sex chromosomes have evolved, a redistribution of a histone acetylase has occurred to modify how the regulatory dosage effects of the single X in males alter target gene expression. The acetylase is sequestered from the autosomes to prevent the increased expression expected from the prevalence of negatively acting dosage regulators. When the complex is genetically destroyed, the acetylase returns to the autosomes and gene expression increases.
They have also found that hybrid vigor (heterosis) is apparently controlled by dosage dependent regulatory genes. Triploid inbreds and hybrids were produced and compared to diploid inbreds and hybrids. In the triploid situation, there are two types of hybrids (AAB and ABB). When measures of hybrid vigor were applied, the two types differed, indicating an influence of allelic dosage. Preliminary tests of gene expression of randomly selected genes show that hybrids exhibit increased or decreased gene expression per cell. The results have led us to the model that heterosis is a reflection of the fact that most regulatory processes are dosage dependent and that the vast majority of these genes act negatively. If they work less efficiently in hybrids, most target gene expression would be increased.
The lab also studies dispersed transgene silencing (cosuppression) in Drosophila. One type involves a transcriptional process in which the silenced transgenes are associated with the Polycomb group of repressive chromatin proteins. The second involves a posttranscriptional RNA turnover mechanism that possesses the molecular hallmarks characteristic of RNA interference. These mechanisms most likely exist as a genomic defense against transposon mobility and as a cellular shield against viruses. Recent studies in our lab have demonstrated that RNAi machinery is needed for Polycomb dependent transcriptional silencing as well as for proper heterochromatin formation.
Several years ago the laboratory cloned a repeat associated with the maize supernumerary chromosome centromere. Critical regions of this centromere have been defined that permit high fidelity of meiotic transmission. Current studies are involved with understanding the structure of the centromere repeats and their evolution. Also, we are in the process of using these fragments to attempt construction of maize artificial chromosomes, for which we are developing a wide variety of vectors and approaches. As an alternative, we have generated numerous minichromosomes containing little more than the centromere of the supernumerary chromosome, which could be purified and used in constructing yet a different type of vector. The eventual development of artificial chromosome technology will permit the directed study of the components needed for chromosomal behavior as well as many industrial applications. The ability to introduce complete biochemical pathways might confer new properties to the target plant or allow plants to be used as biological factories for the economical production of a desired end-product.
Lab Members - Current and Past
* James Birchler - Principal investigator
*Don Auger - Postdoctoral researcher
*Matthew Bauer - Graduate Student
*Utpal Bhadra - Postdoctoral researcher
*Manika Pal Bhadra - Postdoctoral researcher
*Jenny Cooper - Graduate Student
*Doug Davis
*Tatiana Danilova - Postdoctoral researcher
*Christopher Della Vedova - Graduate Student
*Mei Guo - Postdoctoral researcher
*Akio Kato - Postdoctoral researcher
*Etienne Kaszas
*Harsh Kavi - Graduate Student
*Jonathan Lamb - Graduate Student
*Rick Masonbrink - Graduate Student
*Peggy Northup - Lab Technician
*Tara Phelps-Dur - Graduate Student
*Brent Page - Graduate Student
*James Theuri - Postdoctoral researcher
Publications
For a list of current published research articles, please click on [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?dbpubmed&cmdSearch&itoolpubmed_AbstractPlus&term%22Birchler+JA%22%5BAuthor%5D here]
*Leonard Rabinow and James A. Birchler, 1989. A dosage sensitive modifier of retrotransposon induced alleles of the white locus of Drosophila. The EMBO Journal 8: 879-890.
*James A. Birchler, John C. Hiebert and Leonard J. Rabinow, 1989. Interaction of the mottler of white with transposable element alleles at the white locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes and Development 3: 73-84.
*Mei Guo and James A. Birchler, 1994. Trans-acting dosage effects on the expression of model gene systems in maize aneuploids. Science 266: 1999-2002.
*Mei Guo, Doug Davis and James A. Birchler, 1996. Dosage effects on gene expression in a maize ploidy series. Genetics 142: 1349-1355.
*James A. Birchler, 1996. X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila. Science 272: 1190.
*Etienne Kaszas and James A. Birchler, 1996. Misdivision analysis of centromere structure in maize. EMBO Journal 15: 5246-5255.
*Manika Pal-Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra and James A. Birchler, 1997. Cosuppression in Drosophila: gene silencing of Alcohol dehydrogenase by white-Adh transgenes is Polycomb dependent. Cell 90: 479-490.
*Manika Pal Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra and James A. Birchler, 1999. Cosuppression of non-homologous transgenes in Drosophila involves mutually related endogenous sequences. Cell 99: 35-46.
*Brent T. Page, Michael K. Wanous and James A. Birchler, 2001. Characterization of a maize chromosome 4 centromeric sequence: evidence for an evolutionary relationship with the B chromosome centromere. Genetics 159: 291-302.
*Manika Pal Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra and James A. Birchler, 2002. RNAi related mechanisms affect both transcriptional and post-transcriptional transgene silencing in Drosophila. Molecular Cell 9: 315-327.
*Cathy X. Zhong, Joshua B. Marshall, Christopher Topp, Rebecca Mroczek, Akio Kato, Kiyotaka Nagaki, James A. Birchler, Jiming Jiang and R. Kelly Dawe, 2002. Centromeric retroelements and satellites interact with maize kinetochore protein CENH3. The Plant Cell 14: 2825-2836.
*Manika Pal Bhadra, Boris A Leibovitch, Sumit G. Gandhi, Madhusudana Rao, Utpal Bhadra, James A. Birchler and Sarah C. R. Elgin, 2004. Heterochromatic silencing and HP1 localization in Drosophila are dependent on the RNAi machinery. Science 303: 669-672.
*Jin W, Lamb JC, Vega JM, Dawe RK, Birchler JA, Jiang J., 2005. Molecular and functional dissection of the maize B chromosome centromere. Plant Cell. May;17(5):1412-23.
*Han F, Lamb JC, Birchler JA., 2006 High frequency of centromere inactivation resulting in stable dicentric chromosomes of maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006. Feb 28;103(9):3238-43.
Research Overview
Their longest standing research area has been how changes in chromosomal dosage affect gene expression and the organism. The results indicate that most regulatory processes in multicellular eukaryotes have evolved to be expressed at a level and to operate in such a manner that they are rate limiting on phenotypic characteristics. This property of regulatory mechanisms has implications for a number of genetic phenomena as described below.
Both positive and negative dosage effects operate, although the latter are in the majority. One dose of a chromosome arm often increases target gene expression throughout the genome approximately two-fold relative to the normal diploid. The corresponding three doses can reduce gene expression to a lower limit of two thirds. If such modulation is produced by a chromosomal arm and it has an effect on a target gene varied on the same segment, the change in structural gene dosage is cancelled by this “inverse dosage effect” and dosage compensation results.
They are interested in how dosage dependent regulatory genes control the process of X chromosomal dosage compensation in Drosophila. Their recent work suggests that as the heteromorphic sex chromosomes have evolved, a redistribution of a histone acetylase has occurred to modify how the regulatory dosage effects of the single X in males alter target gene expression. The acetylase is sequestered from the autosomes to prevent the increased expression expected from the prevalence of negatively acting dosage regulators. When the complex is genetically destroyed, the acetylase returns to the autosomes and gene expression increases.
They have also found that hybrid vigor (heterosis) is apparently controlled by dosage dependent regulatory genes. Triploid inbreds and hybrids were produced and compared to diploid inbreds and hybrids. In the triploid situation, there are two types of hybrids (AAB and ABB). When measures of hybrid vigor were applied, the two types differed, indicating an influence of allelic dosage. Preliminary tests of gene expression of randomly selected genes show that hybrids exhibit increased or decreased gene expression per cell. The results have led us to the model that heterosis is a reflection of the fact that most regulatory processes are dosage dependent and that the vast majority of these genes act negatively. If they work less efficiently in hybrids, most target gene expression would be increased.
The lab also studies dispersed transgene silencing (cosuppression) in Drosophila. One type involves a transcriptional process in which the silenced transgenes are associated with the Polycomb group of repressive chromatin proteins. The second involves a posttranscriptional RNA turnover mechanism that possesses the molecular hallmarks characteristic of RNA interference. These mechanisms most likely exist as a genomic defense against transposon mobility and as a cellular shield against viruses. Recent studies in our lab have demonstrated that RNAi machinery is needed for Polycomb dependent transcriptional silencing as well as for proper heterochromatin formation.
Several years ago the laboratory cloned a repeat associated with the maize supernumerary chromosome centromere. Critical regions of this centromere have been defined that permit high fidelity of meiotic transmission. Current studies are involved with understanding the structure of the centromere repeats and their evolution. Also, we are in the process of using these fragments to attempt construction of maize artificial chromosomes, for which we are developing a wide variety of vectors and approaches. As an alternative, we have generated numerous minichromosomes containing little more than the centromere of the supernumerary chromosome, which could be purified and used in constructing yet a different type of vector. The eventual development of artificial chromosome technology will permit the directed study of the components needed for chromosomal behavior as well as many industrial applications. The ability to introduce complete biochemical pathways might confer new properties to the target plant or allow plants to be used as biological factories for the economical production of a desired end-product.
Lab Members - Current and Past
* James Birchler - Principal investigator
*Don Auger - Postdoctoral researcher
*Matthew Bauer - Graduate Student
*Utpal Bhadra - Postdoctoral researcher
*Manika Pal Bhadra - Postdoctoral researcher
*Jenny Cooper - Graduate Student
*Doug Davis
*Tatiana Danilova - Postdoctoral researcher
*Christopher Della Vedova - Graduate Student
*Mei Guo - Postdoctoral researcher
*Akio Kato - Postdoctoral researcher
*Etienne Kaszas
*Harsh Kavi - Graduate Student
*Jonathan Lamb - Graduate Student
*Rick Masonbrink - Graduate Student
*Peggy Northup - Lab Technician
*Tara Phelps-Dur - Graduate Student
*Brent Page - Graduate Student
*James Theuri - Postdoctoral researcher
Publications
For a list of current published research articles, please click on [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?dbpubmed&cmdSearch&itoolpubmed_AbstractPlus&term%22Birchler+JA%22%5BAuthor%5D here]
*Leonard Rabinow and James A. Birchler, 1989. A dosage sensitive modifier of retrotransposon induced alleles of the white locus of Drosophila. The EMBO Journal 8: 879-890.
*James A. Birchler, John C. Hiebert and Leonard J. Rabinow, 1989. Interaction of the mottler of white with transposable element alleles at the white locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes and Development 3: 73-84.
*Mei Guo and James A. Birchler, 1994. Trans-acting dosage effects on the expression of model gene systems in maize aneuploids. Science 266: 1999-2002.
*Mei Guo, Doug Davis and James A. Birchler, 1996. Dosage effects on gene expression in a maize ploidy series. Genetics 142: 1349-1355.
*James A. Birchler, 1996. X chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila. Science 272: 1190.
*Etienne Kaszas and James A. Birchler, 1996. Misdivision analysis of centromere structure in maize. EMBO Journal 15: 5246-5255.
*Manika Pal-Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra and James A. Birchler, 1997. Cosuppression in Drosophila: gene silencing of Alcohol dehydrogenase by white-Adh transgenes is Polycomb dependent. Cell 90: 479-490.
*Manika Pal Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra and James A. Birchler, 1999. Cosuppression of non-homologous transgenes in Drosophila involves mutually related endogenous sequences. Cell 99: 35-46.
*Brent T. Page, Michael K. Wanous and James A. Birchler, 2001. Characterization of a maize chromosome 4 centromeric sequence: evidence for an evolutionary relationship with the B chromosome centromere. Genetics 159: 291-302.
*Manika Pal Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra and James A. Birchler, 2002. RNAi related mechanisms affect both transcriptional and post-transcriptional transgene silencing in Drosophila. Molecular Cell 9: 315-327.
*Cathy X. Zhong, Joshua B. Marshall, Christopher Topp, Rebecca Mroczek, Akio Kato, Kiyotaka Nagaki, James A. Birchler, Jiming Jiang and R. Kelly Dawe, 2002. Centromeric retroelements and satellites interact with maize kinetochore protein CENH3. The Plant Cell 14: 2825-2836.
*Manika Pal Bhadra, Boris A Leibovitch, Sumit G. Gandhi, Madhusudana Rao, Utpal Bhadra, James A. Birchler and Sarah C. R. Elgin, 2004. Heterochromatic silencing and HP1 localization in Drosophila are dependent on the RNAi machinery. Science 303: 669-672.
*Jin W, Lamb JC, Vega JM, Dawe RK, Birchler JA, Jiang J., 2005. Molecular and functional dissection of the maize B chromosome centromere. Plant Cell. May;17(5):1412-23.
*Han F, Lamb JC, Birchler JA., 2006 High frequency of centromere inactivation resulting in stable dicentric chromosomes of maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006. Feb 28;103(9):3238-43.
This Tutorial's goal is to introduce a person with no programming experience to TI-BASIC for the TI-83 Family.
Basics
Before one can learn how to program, one must understand the concept of variables. A variable is a data piece. On the TI they are used to store numbers, and have names ranging from A to Theta. To use a variable, press the number, then press the STO button and the variable name. To access a variable, press ALPHA and then the button with the green letter name next to it. It should also be noted that variables can be used to store information to other variables. Next, one needs to know how to make a program. Press PRGM, then go to new, then press new program. A program must start with an Alpha character. To access the programming interface, press PRGM again. Now, one can begin to write their first program.
First Program
First, create a program and title it HELLO. For this exercise we will be making a program that will display Hello. Now, press PRGM to access the programming interface, press right button, and scroll down to ClrHome. Now press enter. This command clears the home screen. Now, find Disp. Enter this and type after it "HELLO". Make sure to use quotes. Without quotes, the calculator will print the value H*E*L*L*O. With quotes, the Disp command will print HELLO on the next line. Now, exit to the home screen and press PRGM, select HELLO, and press enter. It should be noted that if you ever wish to end a program, simply press on to cut it. If done correctly your calculator should clear the screen and display HELLO. If not, then check this code.
:ClrHome
:Disp "HELLO"
Goto and Label
Now we will modify the program to display HELLO indefinety until we break it. To do this, simply place a Lbl and any two letters between ClrHome and Disp. Then after Disp put a Goto with the same two letters as the Lbl. This causes the program to go to the label
whenever it reaches the goto command. Eg. it would go to label XY when it hits Goto XY but not if it hit Goto XZ. The correct code for this exersize is.
:ClrHome
:Lbl A
:Disp "HELLO"
:Goto A
Please note that any one or two letter or Theta combo can be used for the Lbl and Goto; just make sure they match.
Input
Now we are going to make a useful program that will solve this equation; 3X+4Y+6Z=?. To do this we must learn the command Input. The syntax is Input "Optional text", variable. The calculator will wait for you to enter a value for the variable, then execute the code that follows it. Another useful command is Pause. This will pause the program until enter is hit. Now, try to make a program using the commands given to clear the screen, solve this equation, and repeat the process. The code is:
:Lbl A
:ClrHome
:Input "X".X
:Input "Y",Y
:Input "Z",Z
:3X+4Y+6Z STO A
:Disp A
:Pause
:Goto A
Remember, that the variables can be changed. You can even say Input "X",B. Just make sure that you use B instead of X in the equation(3B+4Y+6Z STO A).
Basics
Before one can learn how to program, one must understand the concept of variables. A variable is a data piece. On the TI they are used to store numbers, and have names ranging from A to Theta. To use a variable, press the number, then press the STO button and the variable name. To access a variable, press ALPHA and then the button with the green letter name next to it. It should also be noted that variables can be used to store information to other variables. Next, one needs to know how to make a program. Press PRGM, then go to new, then press new program. A program must start with an Alpha character. To access the programming interface, press PRGM again. Now, one can begin to write their first program.
First Program
First, create a program and title it HELLO. For this exercise we will be making a program that will display Hello. Now, press PRGM to access the programming interface, press right button, and scroll down to ClrHome. Now press enter. This command clears the home screen. Now, find Disp. Enter this and type after it "HELLO". Make sure to use quotes. Without quotes, the calculator will print the value H*E*L*L*O. With quotes, the Disp command will print HELLO on the next line. Now, exit to the home screen and press PRGM, select HELLO, and press enter. It should be noted that if you ever wish to end a program, simply press on to cut it. If done correctly your calculator should clear the screen and display HELLO. If not, then check this code.
:ClrHome
:Disp "HELLO"
Goto and Label
Now we will modify the program to display HELLO indefinety until we break it. To do this, simply place a Lbl and any two letters between ClrHome and Disp. Then after Disp put a Goto with the same two letters as the Lbl. This causes the program to go to the label
whenever it reaches the goto command. Eg. it would go to label XY when it hits Goto XY but not if it hit Goto XZ. The correct code for this exersize is.
:ClrHome
:Lbl A
:Disp "HELLO"
:Goto A
Please note that any one or two letter or Theta combo can be used for the Lbl and Goto; just make sure they match.
Input
Now we are going to make a useful program that will solve this equation; 3X+4Y+6Z=?. To do this we must learn the command Input. The syntax is Input "Optional text", variable. The calculator will wait for you to enter a value for the variable, then execute the code that follows it. Another useful command is Pause. This will pause the program until enter is hit. Now, try to make a program using the commands given to clear the screen, solve this equation, and repeat the process. The code is:
:Lbl A
:ClrHome
:Input "X".X
:Input "Y",Y
:Input "Z",Z
:3X+4Y+6Z STO A
:Disp A
:Pause
:Goto A
Remember, that the variables can be changed. You can even say Input "X",B. Just make sure that you use B instead of X in the equation(3B+4Y+6Z STO A).
The fictional world of Narnia, created by CS Lewis, is populated by numerous fantastical creatures, such as fauns, dwarfs, dryads, ogres, and talking animals, but also by humans. However, humans are not 'native' to Narnia; they were not created with it, but instead entered Narnia from 'our' world, by magical means. In recognition of this, most characters refer to humans as 'Sons of Adam' and 'Daughters of Eve'. This is a reference to the biblical characters of Adam and Eve.
The first humans present in Narnia were Polly Plummer, Digory Kirke, Andrew Ketterley and Frank, who are witness to its creation. Aslan appoints Frank and his wife Helen to be King and Queen of Narnia, and they found a line of monarchs.
According to Aslan, only humans are entitled to reign in Narnia. (However, Aslan, a lion, is also described as 'King of Kings', and there are references to his father, the Emperor beyond the sea, whose nature is never explicitly made clear.) The White Witch pretends to be human, in order to lend credence to her claim of Queenship.
The country of Narnia itself rarely has a large human population, but nearby countries such as Telmar and Calormen have large human populations (and no other talking creatures that admit to it). There is little detail as to where these civilisations come from, but ultimately they are all descended from migrants from our world.
Powerful magic, guided by the will of Aslan, can bring children from our world to Narnia, generally so that they can heroically save it from peril, and become more virtuous themselves. These adventures form the basis of the Chronicles of Narnia.
Aslan describes Prince Caspian, and presumably all other humans, as descended from 'the Lord Adam and the Lady Eve... that is honour enough to erect the head of the poorest beggar, and shame enough to bow the shoulders of the greatest emperor on earth'. This usage of 'Son of Adam' and 'Daughter of Eve', along with the mention of Christmas, are the only explicit references to Christianity in the series, although many implicit ones can be inferred.
The first humans present in Narnia were Polly Plummer, Digory Kirke, Andrew Ketterley and Frank, who are witness to its creation. Aslan appoints Frank and his wife Helen to be King and Queen of Narnia, and they found a line of monarchs.
According to Aslan, only humans are entitled to reign in Narnia. (However, Aslan, a lion, is also described as 'King of Kings', and there are references to his father, the Emperor beyond the sea, whose nature is never explicitly made clear.) The White Witch pretends to be human, in order to lend credence to her claim of Queenship.
The country of Narnia itself rarely has a large human population, but nearby countries such as Telmar and Calormen have large human populations (and no other talking creatures that admit to it). There is little detail as to where these civilisations come from, but ultimately they are all descended from migrants from our world.
Powerful magic, guided by the will of Aslan, can bring children from our world to Narnia, generally so that they can heroically save it from peril, and become more virtuous themselves. These adventures form the basis of the Chronicles of Narnia.
Aslan describes Prince Caspian, and presumably all other humans, as descended from 'the Lord Adam and the Lady Eve... that is honour enough to erect the head of the poorest beggar, and shame enough to bow the shoulders of the greatest emperor on earth'. This usage of 'Son of Adam' and 'Daughter of Eve', along with the mention of Christmas, are the only explicit references to Christianity in the series, although many implicit ones can be inferred.
The First Modern Wedding Ring
And Family Name Origin
The first Known Modern wedding ring was made of 14k white gold the exact year and maker is unknown. While it was paid for in coin it now is priceless for being a historic artifact and the first of it kind. It was a gentlemen’s ring small and looked much like the ones commonly worn today. The first owner was Steven Gram Roberts. Steven Gram Roberts married Mary Roberts. The ring was considered to be bad luck, the first daughter of Steven and Marry drowned at age 7 when she died in a lake while swimming. After the death of Steven it went two his second oldest grandson Richard Watson Roberts who married Beverly Even Roberts. They had two children Lorie and Michael. At age 9 Lorie also drowned in a lake while swimming with her friends. She was missed very badly by her family and friends. Richard Roberts Died of unnatural causes in 1999 the cause may have been brain cancer but the record is still unfound. The last known location was in Midland Michigan but the location is from 1989 so is also makes for a shady disappearance. The Roberts Family is still believed to be the owner of the ring but it is unsure. It is only known that the grandson of Richard Roberts will most likely wear even if he is not yet married. The best known description of the ring is that it is 14k white gold with three small diamonds embedded in it. The Size and location of it is unknown as is the location of the grandson which the ring is to go to the second grandson and a 24k gold pocket watch will be entrusted to the oldest grandson. The Roberts name and origin are believed derived from the Welsh given name Robert, meaning "bright fame." From the Germanic elements "hrod" meaning fame and "beraht" meaning bright. 2) Son of Robert. The origin of the name is believed Welsh, German the alternate spellings are ROBERT, ROBARTS, ROBINS, ROBART, ROPARTZ, ROBBERTS, ROPERT, RUPPERT.
The family crest is the lion with the sword with the motto Ewich Ymlaen which has the direct translation to Go Forward. The lion has always held a high place in heraldry as the emblem of deathless courage, and, hence, that of a valiant warrior. It is said to be a lively image of a good soldier, who must be "valiant in courage, strong of body, politic in council and a foe to fear." Through the somewhat dubious legend of their compassion, lions also came to symbolize Christ. As one medieval author asserted, "they prey on men rather than women, and they do not kill children except when they are very hungry." The lion, with such repute of its noble nature and having the position and title of king of the beasts, is naturally one of the most common heraldic symbols on the continent of Europe. The winged lion is the emblem of St. Mark. The red in the crest symbolizes Excitement, energy, passion, desire, speed, strength, power, heat, love, aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, violence, aggression, all things intense and reverence. The white symbolizes purity, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage (Western cultures), death (Eastern cultures), cold, clinical, sterile. The black symbolizes Power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil, anonymity, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, underground, good technical color, mourning, death (Western cultures). The Roberts Family had a shield that was carried by the knights but the pictures are unavailable. The family also had battle hymns
A Norman was the ancient sire of all the Roberts Tribe:
His seed was sown in England where they greatly multiplied;
The Roberts are all loyal to their faith and family pride!
The clan goes marching on!
Chorus
Glory to the tribe Robertus: Glory to the name Roberts!
Glory to our grand old family! The tribe goes marching on
The family name remains out in the open unlike the ring and certain members. But they will eventually be found and the ring will eventually surface.
And Family Name Origin
The first Known Modern wedding ring was made of 14k white gold the exact year and maker is unknown. While it was paid for in coin it now is priceless for being a historic artifact and the first of it kind. It was a gentlemen’s ring small and looked much like the ones commonly worn today. The first owner was Steven Gram Roberts. Steven Gram Roberts married Mary Roberts. The ring was considered to be bad luck, the first daughter of Steven and Marry drowned at age 7 when she died in a lake while swimming. After the death of Steven it went two his second oldest grandson Richard Watson Roberts who married Beverly Even Roberts. They had two children Lorie and Michael. At age 9 Lorie also drowned in a lake while swimming with her friends. She was missed very badly by her family and friends. Richard Roberts Died of unnatural causes in 1999 the cause may have been brain cancer but the record is still unfound. The last known location was in Midland Michigan but the location is from 1989 so is also makes for a shady disappearance. The Roberts Family is still believed to be the owner of the ring but it is unsure. It is only known that the grandson of Richard Roberts will most likely wear even if he is not yet married. The best known description of the ring is that it is 14k white gold with three small diamonds embedded in it. The Size and location of it is unknown as is the location of the grandson which the ring is to go to the second grandson and a 24k gold pocket watch will be entrusted to the oldest grandson. The Roberts name and origin are believed derived from the Welsh given name Robert, meaning "bright fame." From the Germanic elements "hrod" meaning fame and "beraht" meaning bright. 2) Son of Robert. The origin of the name is believed Welsh, German the alternate spellings are ROBERT, ROBARTS, ROBINS, ROBART, ROPARTZ, ROBBERTS, ROPERT, RUPPERT.
The family crest is the lion with the sword with the motto Ewich Ymlaen which has the direct translation to Go Forward. The lion has always held a high place in heraldry as the emblem of deathless courage, and, hence, that of a valiant warrior. It is said to be a lively image of a good soldier, who must be "valiant in courage, strong of body, politic in council and a foe to fear." Through the somewhat dubious legend of their compassion, lions also came to symbolize Christ. As one medieval author asserted, "they prey on men rather than women, and they do not kill children except when they are very hungry." The lion, with such repute of its noble nature and having the position and title of king of the beasts, is naturally one of the most common heraldic symbols on the continent of Europe. The winged lion is the emblem of St. Mark. The red in the crest symbolizes Excitement, energy, passion, desire, speed, strength, power, heat, love, aggression, danger, fire, blood, war, violence, aggression, all things intense and reverence. The white symbolizes purity, simplicity, cleanliness, peace, humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, sterility, marriage (Western cultures), death (Eastern cultures), cold, clinical, sterile. The black symbolizes Power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, wealth, mystery, fear, evil, anonymity, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, underground, good technical color, mourning, death (Western cultures). The Roberts Family had a shield that was carried by the knights but the pictures are unavailable. The family also had battle hymns
A Norman was the ancient sire of all the Roberts Tribe:
His seed was sown in England where they greatly multiplied;
The Roberts are all loyal to their faith and family pride!
The clan goes marching on!
Chorus
Glory to the tribe Robertus: Glory to the name Roberts!
Glory to our grand old family! The tribe goes marching on
The family name remains out in the open unlike the ring and certain members. But they will eventually be found and the ring will eventually surface.