The phrase "Viewers Like You" is used by the U.S. Public Broadcasting Service to indicate gratitude to its viewer contributors. It appears at the start and end of all PBS television programs as part of their underwriting credits.
History
Prior to 1989, donations by viewers of PBS members were recognised with the phrase "this station and other public television stations" or simply "public television stations" during the funding announcements in many programs (Learn to Read did not mention "public television stations" anywhere, and was just "Funding for this program is provided in part by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting").
On July 1, 1989, PBS standardized this announcement to:
:This program was made possible by the financial support of viewers like you.
This would be accompanied by one of two wordings: "public television viewers" or "viewers like you".
On October 4, 1993, this announcement was slightly changed to:
:This program was made possible by the annual financial support of viewers like you.
and/or:
:This program was made possible by the annual financial support from viewers like you.
This would be accompanied by an on-screen slide with the words "Viewers Like You". In some cases the final portion was shortened to "...and by viewers like you." The "Viewers Like You" statement was usually, but not necessarily always, the last part of this announcement, usually preceded by a reference to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting ("a private corporation funded by the American people") and to one or more other foundations or corporate sponsors. This version may still be occasionally seen today on programs originally produced prior to 1999.
Since November 1, 1999, the PBS underwriting guidelines have required this announcement to follow the form:
:This program was made possible by contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you.
Under this new policy, the "Viewers Like You" slide was now required to be followed by another slide reading "Thank You", both now coming at the very end of the underwriter credits. The specific reasons for this new addition are unknown.
PBS usually produces its own versions of the "Viewers Like You" element, often reflecting the system's most recent brand image, although producers are under no obligation to use this version.
There has been an exception with Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, where Fred Rogers has worded the announcement differently as in, for example: The people who give the money to make Mister Rogers' Neighborhood are the people who contribute to this and other public television stations, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (and/or The Sears-Roebuck Foundation). This series never used the "Viewers Like You" phrase, but added "We Thank You" on episodes after 2000. Also, 1991-1998 episodes of Sesame Street used the announcement "Funding for this program is provided in part by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting... and by public television stations and their contributors." Also, on pre-1992 episodes, "viewers like you" is not used, CTW instead opting to use "public television stations" as they had done in the past.
On Wishbone, today, they still use the " Funding for Wishbone has been made possible in part by the annual financial support of PBS Viewers Like You".
History
Prior to 1989, donations by viewers of PBS members were recognised with the phrase "this station and other public television stations" or simply "public television stations" during the funding announcements in many programs (Learn to Read did not mention "public television stations" anywhere, and was just "Funding for this program is provided in part by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting").
On July 1, 1989, PBS standardized this announcement to:
:This program was made possible by the financial support of viewers like you.
This would be accompanied by one of two wordings: "public television viewers" or "viewers like you".
On October 4, 1993, this announcement was slightly changed to:
:This program was made possible by the annual financial support of viewers like you.
and/or:
:This program was made possible by the annual financial support from viewers like you.
This would be accompanied by an on-screen slide with the words "Viewers Like You". In some cases the final portion was shortened to "...and by viewers like you." The "Viewers Like You" statement was usually, but not necessarily always, the last part of this announcement, usually preceded by a reference to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting ("a private corporation funded by the American people") and to one or more other foundations or corporate sponsors. This version may still be occasionally seen today on programs originally produced prior to 1999.
Since November 1, 1999, the PBS underwriting guidelines have required this announcement to follow the form:
:This program was made possible by contributions to your PBS station from viewers like you. Thank you.
Under this new policy, the "Viewers Like You" slide was now required to be followed by another slide reading "Thank You", both now coming at the very end of the underwriter credits. The specific reasons for this new addition are unknown.
PBS usually produces its own versions of the "Viewers Like You" element, often reflecting the system's most recent brand image, although producers are under no obligation to use this version.
There has been an exception with Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, where Fred Rogers has worded the announcement differently as in, for example: The people who give the money to make Mister Rogers' Neighborhood are the people who contribute to this and other public television stations, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (and/or The Sears-Roebuck Foundation). This series never used the "Viewers Like You" phrase, but added "We Thank You" on episodes after 2000. Also, 1991-1998 episodes of Sesame Street used the announcement "Funding for this program is provided in part by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting... and by public television stations and their contributors." Also, on pre-1992 episodes, "viewers like you" is not used, CTW instead opting to use "public television stations" as they had done in the past.
On Wishbone, today, they still use the " Funding for Wishbone has been made possible in part by the annual financial support of PBS Viewers Like You".
The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) is a multi-stakeholder effort to develop global standards for sustainable biofuels production and processing. The Roundtable is an initiative of the Energy Center at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne ( EPFL) . By early 2008, it aims to have draft standards developed in conjunction with non-governmental organizations, companies, governments and inter-governmental groups from all over the world. Its hope is to create a tool that consumers, policy-makers, companies, banks, and other actors can use to ensure that biofuels deliver on their promise of sustainability.
Overview
All standards development work will be done in an open and transparent way, with ample comment periods according to the ISEAL code of good practice. The Roundtable will gather opinions and feedback through online technology such as the BioEnergyWiki, conference calls, and regional meetings, to ensure that developing countries and disadvantaged groups have a meaningful opportunity to contribute to the elaboration of the standards.
The standards will be developed through four Working Groups, which will be open to any interested stakeholder. The Working Groups will focus on the following areas:
*GHG - greenhouse gas lifecycle efficiency analysis. This group will recommend methodologies to use to calculate the efficiency of particular production and processing techniques in terms of replacing greenhouse gas emissions as compared to fossil fuels.
*ENV - environmental impacts. This group will draft minimum criteria for sustainable biofuels regarding their impact on biodiversity, soil and water resources, air pollution, and other environmental issues.
*SOC - social impacts. This group will outline the criteria for labor rights, food security, poverty alleviation, land rights, and other social elements of sustainable biofuels production.
*IMP - implementation. This group will review the recommendations of the other working groups to ensure that the standards are easy to implement and measure so that they are accessible by small-scale and other low-income farmers.
They will also make recommendations on future steps for the Roundtable, such as the potential value of independent third party certification.
Standards
There is important work already going on in sustainable biofuels standards development, and the aim of the RSB is to build on this work and create standards that are:
*Simple - "The standards should be accessible by small producers, inexpensive to measure, and easy to explain."
*Generic - "The standards should be applicable to any crop in any country, and allow comparisons across crops and production systems."
*Adaptable - "The standards should be easy to revise to take into account new technologies and their impacts on relative performance of different biofuels."
*Efficient - EPFL aims "to incorporate other standards and certifications to eliminate duplicative reporting and reduce inspection burdens on producers and processors.
The organizers state that "All standards development work will be done in an open and transparent way, with ample comment periods according to the ISEAL code of good practice."
Timeline
*By early 2008, EPFL aims to have draft standards developed in conjunction with non-governmental organizations, companies, governments and inter-governmental groups from all over the world.
Overview
All standards development work will be done in an open and transparent way, with ample comment periods according to the ISEAL code of good practice. The Roundtable will gather opinions and feedback through online technology such as the BioEnergyWiki, conference calls, and regional meetings, to ensure that developing countries and disadvantaged groups have a meaningful opportunity to contribute to the elaboration of the standards.
The standards will be developed through four Working Groups, which will be open to any interested stakeholder. The Working Groups will focus on the following areas:
*GHG - greenhouse gas lifecycle efficiency analysis. This group will recommend methodologies to use to calculate the efficiency of particular production and processing techniques in terms of replacing greenhouse gas emissions as compared to fossil fuels.
*ENV - environmental impacts. This group will draft minimum criteria for sustainable biofuels regarding their impact on biodiversity, soil and water resources, air pollution, and other environmental issues.
*SOC - social impacts. This group will outline the criteria for labor rights, food security, poverty alleviation, land rights, and other social elements of sustainable biofuels production.
*IMP - implementation. This group will review the recommendations of the other working groups to ensure that the standards are easy to implement and measure so that they are accessible by small-scale and other low-income farmers.
They will also make recommendations on future steps for the Roundtable, such as the potential value of independent third party certification.
Standards
There is important work already going on in sustainable biofuels standards development, and the aim of the RSB is to build on this work and create standards that are:
*Simple - "The standards should be accessible by small producers, inexpensive to measure, and easy to explain."
*Generic - "The standards should be applicable to any crop in any country, and allow comparisons across crops and production systems."
*Adaptable - "The standards should be easy to revise to take into account new technologies and their impacts on relative performance of different biofuels."
*Efficient - EPFL aims "to incorporate other standards and certifications to eliminate duplicative reporting and reduce inspection burdens on producers and processors.
The organizers state that "All standards development work will be done in an open and transparent way, with ample comment periods according to the ISEAL code of good practice."
Timeline
*By early 2008, EPFL aims to have draft standards developed in conjunction with non-governmental organizations, companies, governments and inter-governmental groups from all over the world.
Master of Medieval Studies (M.M.S.), alternatively Master of Arts in Medieval Studies (M.A.), is graduate degree designed to prepare students for an interdisciplinary training in Medieval Studies. Usually this training relies on a combination of graduate-level seminar and course work in History, Literary Studies, Theology, or Philosophy and usually takes two years to complete.
Schools that grant an MMS Degree
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Schools that grant an MMS Degree
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Netcentric, or "network-centric", refers to participating as a part of a continuously-evolving, complex community of people, devices, information and services interconnected by a communications network to optimize resource management and provide superior information on events and conditions needed to empower decision makers. Many experts believe the terms "information-centric" or "knowledge-centric" would capture the concepts more aptly because the objective is to find and exploit information, the network itself is only one of several enabling factors along with sensors, data processing and storage, expert analysis systems and intelligent agents, and information distribution. The best commercial practitioners of globally distributed supply chain management and customer relationship management employ net-centric methods. Netcentric warfare is also a tenet of modern information warfare concepts.
A NetCentric Enterprise Architecture is defined in lay terms as a: "massively distributed architecture with components and/or services available across and throughout an enterprise's entire lines-of-business."
The formal definition of a "NetCentric Enterprise Architecture" is: "A NetCentric Enterprise Architecture is a light-weight, massively distributed, horizontally-applied architecture, that distributes components and/or services across an enterprise's information value chain using Internet Technologies and other Network Protocols as the principal mechanism for supporting the distribution and processing of information services."
A NetCentric Enterprise Architecture is defined in lay terms as a: "massively distributed architecture with components and/or services available across and throughout an enterprise's entire lines-of-business."
The formal definition of a "NetCentric Enterprise Architecture" is: "A NetCentric Enterprise Architecture is a light-weight, massively distributed, horizontally-applied architecture, that distributes components and/or services across an enterprise's information value chain using Internet Technologies and other Network Protocols as the principal mechanism for supporting the distribution and processing of information services."