The Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype
The Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH) is the name used to define a category that belongs to Cohanim males, J1 and J2, descendents from a commom ancestral type, strongly believed to be Aaron HaKohen, the first Priest, brother of Moses, and father of all Cohanim. Cohanim chromosomes are homogeneous. What characterize the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype(CMCH) is a Y-Chromossome-Especific variation at six micro-satellites (repeats of short nucleotides sequences) called Unique Event Polymorphism which is a genetic marker that corresponds to a mutation that is so infrequently, that all individuals who share the marker, worldwide, have inherited it from the same common ancestor, and the same single mutation event.
Examples
Because of microsatellite instability, it was useful to define a COHEN MODAL CLUSTER, of six related chromosomes as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH-6) used now as the standard signature and all of its one-mutation neighbours at the microsatellite loci, which all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP).
The distribution of allele sizes within Cohen UEP group, at the trinucleotide microsatellite DYS388 indicates a departure from the stepwise mutation modal. Because this modal underlies the method used to estimate the coalescence time of Cohen chromosomes, the DYS388 was 'dropped' and not considerate from the analysis.
Example:DYS = 393 390 19 391 392
J1 Standard CMH- 12 23 14 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
J2 Cohanim - 12 23 15 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
Katz, Kaplan, Kaplansky, Kahan, Catznelson, Kohn, Myer HaKohen.
All members with those surnames above that were tested, turn to be 'positive' for the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype. They all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism and have the J2 Cohanim signature above.
Any one-mutation neighbours from the J1 Standard (CMH) above is considerate from the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP). Those who macth the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism belongs to the single Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH).
PS: Even counting the DYS388 as an one-step mutation either on the stepwise modal or infinite alleles modal, those J2 Cohanim above still share the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism, because their values in DYS388=15 rather than 16 of the J1 CHM Standard 6 marks.
Coalescence Time
It is interesting to estimate the correct time at which Cohen chromossomes were derived from a commom ancestral chromossome (coalescence time). Under 'stepwise mutations' the average squared difference (ASD) in allele size among all current chromossome and the ancestral haplotype, averaged over loci, has an expectation of T, where is the mutation rate and T the coalescence time. Taking the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Communities as a whole, the value for ASD is 0.2226. Assuming a mutation rate of 0.0021, this gives a estimate of 106 generations time of 25 (30) years gives an estimate of 2,619 (3,180) years before present, dating the coalescence of the Cohanim chromossomes to between the Exodus and the destruction of the first Temple in 586 BC. Estimates based on the Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples taken separately are 2,619 (3,142) and 2,684 (3,221) years before present, respectively. To obtain confidence intervals on the distance between the ancestral and sampled chromossomes, it was noted that most non-ancestral haplotypes are singletons, indicating that the genealogy connecting Cohen chromossomes is more like the 'star genealogy' characteristic of 'rapid growth' than the other correlated genalogy characteristic of constant size populations. To obtain true confidence intervals in this case, (M) mutations occur during the 106 generations, with (M) being a Poisson random variable with parameter 106. The number of mutations increasing allele size (D) is drawn from a binomial distribution with parameters 0.5 and (M) leading to the distance D (2dm). In a star genealogy, there are 485 (the number of loci multiplied by the sample size) observations of D. Confidence intervals are obtained by repeating this process 1,000 times and taking the associated 2.5 and 97.5 pecentiles, leading to a 95% confidence interval of 84-130 generations for the combined Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples or for a generations time of 25 years, only 2,100-3,250 years before present. The 95% confidence interval places the origin of priestly Y-Chromossomes, in J1 and J2, sometime during or shortly before the first Temple period in Jewish history (2,100-3,250).According to Jewish Tradition, following the Exodus from Egypt, the tribe of Levi, of which Moses was a member, were assigned special religious responsabilities, and males descendents of Aaron, his brother, were selected to serve as Priests (Cohanim).
The Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH) is the name used to define a category that belongs to Cohanim males, J1 and J2, descendents from a commom ancestral type, strongly believed to be Aaron HaKohen, the first Priest, brother of Moses, and father of all Cohanim. Cohanim chromosomes are homogeneous. What characterize the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype(CMCH) is a Y-Chromossome-Especific variation at six micro-satellites (repeats of short nucleotides sequences) called Unique Event Polymorphism which is a genetic marker that corresponds to a mutation that is so infrequently, that all individuals who share the marker, worldwide, have inherited it from the same common ancestor, and the same single mutation event.
Examples
Because of microsatellite instability, it was useful to define a COHEN MODAL CLUSTER, of six related chromosomes as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH-6) used now as the standard signature and all of its one-mutation neighbours at the microsatellite loci, which all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP).
The distribution of allele sizes within Cohen UEP group, at the trinucleotide microsatellite DYS388 indicates a departure from the stepwise mutation modal. Because this modal underlies the method used to estimate the coalescence time of Cohen chromosomes, the DYS388 was 'dropped' and not considerate from the analysis.
Example:DYS = 393 390 19 391 392
J1 Standard CMH- 12 23 14 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
J2 Cohanim - 12 23 15 10 11 (Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism)
Katz, Kaplan, Kaplansky, Kahan, Catznelson, Kohn, Myer HaKohen.
All members with those surnames above that were tested, turn to be 'positive' for the Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype. They all share the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism and have the J2 Cohanim signature above.
Any one-mutation neighbours from the J1 Standard (CMH) above is considerate from the same Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism (UEP). Those who macth the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism belongs to the single Cohen Modal Cluster Haplotype (CMCH).
PS: Even counting the DYS388 as an one-step mutation either on the stepwise modal or infinite alleles modal, those J2 Cohanim above still share the Cohen Unique-Event Polymorphism, because their values in DYS388=15 rather than 16 of the J1 CHM Standard 6 marks.
Coalescence Time
It is interesting to estimate the correct time at which Cohen chromossomes were derived from a commom ancestral chromossome (coalescence time). Under 'stepwise mutations' the average squared difference (ASD) in allele size among all current chromossome and the ancestral haplotype, averaged over loci, has an expectation of T, where is the mutation rate and T the coalescence time. Taking the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Communities as a whole, the value for ASD is 0.2226. Assuming a mutation rate of 0.0021, this gives a estimate of 106 generations time of 25 (30) years gives an estimate of 2,619 (3,180) years before present, dating the coalescence of the Cohanim chromossomes to between the Exodus and the destruction of the first Temple in 586 BC. Estimates based on the Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples taken separately are 2,619 (3,142) and 2,684 (3,221) years before present, respectively. To obtain confidence intervals on the distance between the ancestral and sampled chromossomes, it was noted that most non-ancestral haplotypes are singletons, indicating that the genealogy connecting Cohen chromossomes is more like the 'star genealogy' characteristic of 'rapid growth' than the other correlated genalogy characteristic of constant size populations. To obtain true confidence intervals in this case, (M) mutations occur during the 106 generations, with (M) being a Poisson random variable with parameter 106. The number of mutations increasing allele size (D) is drawn from a binomial distribution with parameters 0.5 and (M) leading to the distance D (2dm). In a star genealogy, there are 485 (the number of loci multiplied by the sample size) observations of D. Confidence intervals are obtained by repeating this process 1,000 times and taking the associated 2.5 and 97.5 pecentiles, leading to a 95% confidence interval of 84-130 generations for the combined Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples or for a generations time of 25 years, only 2,100-3,250 years before present. The 95% confidence interval places the origin of priestly Y-Chromossomes, in J1 and J2, sometime during or shortly before the first Temple period in Jewish history (2,100-3,250).According to Jewish Tradition, following the Exodus from Egypt, the tribe of Levi, of which Moses was a member, were assigned special religious responsabilities, and males descendents of Aaron, his brother, were selected to serve as Priests (Cohanim).
Narukami (Nah-Roo-Kah-Mee) is an Original Character created by Ramsey Minto for an original story, and e is often used in Roleplays by Her. Narukami is half snake and is very skinny because of that. He can flex completely, and is very swift. He does indeed have a few scales on his chest area and thighs. His hair is slightly about shoulder length and is light green and yellow.
iantart.com/fs24/i/2007/338/5/4/Narukami_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
He is a species called, Gifcan.(Gifted beings) He lives with dozens of other Gifcans in the Sewers, Including Hisao, Rafe, Jhakir an many other Gifcanian beings.
iantart.com/fs20/i/2007/298/e/0/A_flower_fo_you_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
(Kami/Naru/Hisao)
iantart.com/fs24/i/2007/338/5/4/Narukami_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
He is a species called, Gifcan.(Gifted beings) He lives with dozens of other Gifcans in the Sewers, Including Hisao, Rafe, Jhakir an many other Gifcanian beings.
iantart.com/fs20/i/2007/298/e/0/A_flower_fo_you_by_sakuragirlram.jpg
(Kami/Naru/Hisao)
Permanent Record Studios is a professional recording studio located just west of Pine Bluffs, Wyoming. The studio began operation in 1998 under the name Evil Empire Studios in the Lower Downtown/Five-Points area of Denver, Colorado by local musician Sean Ryan (one of the original members of The Denver Gentlemen). The name was changed to Permanent Record Studios in 1999. The studio is responsible for and still holds the first recorded material of The Denver Gentlemen, material that has never been released. Aside from The Denver Gentlemen recordings, the studio primarily catered to the growing Punk, Hardcore and Underground music scenes in Denver. The studio was responsible for recording local bands including Total Annihilation, The Social Trend Killers, Fourth Yeer Freshmen, and Catatonic Lydia.
Permanent Record Studios moved to Cheyenne, Wyoming in late Summer 1999, then to it's current location in July 2004. The studio diversified and began working with several genres of music and more national acts, including work on an alternate version of The Jacksons' song "State of Shock", at the request of Michael Jackson and his musical director, Brad Buxer. Other artists who have recorded there include The Wrangler Brutes and The Specimans.
Permanent Record Studios moved to Cheyenne, Wyoming in late Summer 1999, then to it's current location in July 2004. The studio diversified and began working with several genres of music and more national acts, including work on an alternate version of The Jacksons' song "State of Shock", at the request of Michael Jackson and his musical director, Brad Buxer. Other artists who have recorded there include The Wrangler Brutes and The Specimans.
The Evoke engine was designed to render 3D top down 3rd person perspective graphically intense games. It draws approximately 40 square metres of the world at all times, and so can theoretically render much more complex scenes then would be possible in an FPS.
Graphically the Evoke engine was inspired by titles like Diablo II, The Chaos Engine, Dungeon Keeper 2, Cannon Fodder 2 and more recently Dawn of War.
The Evoke Engine is currently being updated to 2.0
Short term To Do List:
# Add screenshots to this page.
# Refactor CZone to become CHectometre.
# Refactor CArea to become CDecametre.
# ReFactor Contents1.ini into the appropriate 70 CDecametres, and get them to be loaded.
# Create a CCamera class.
## Get the camera to toggle between 3rd and 1st Person modes, based on if you press Delete.
## Make the camera switch to 3rd person automatically mode if it moves.
## Get the Camera to interpolate its viewing angle dependant on its altitude, and remove the ability change this via Home and End.
# Add a new room.
** Upload all .libs, and some source code (Files Project).
Long term To Do List
* More meshes.
* HDR frame buffer and exposure control.
* Gamma curve correct lighting calculations.
* Deferred Rendering.
* 2 GPU Particle Systems.
* Upload remaining source code.
Controls
* The Arrow keys move the camera around the world, on the 'ground' plane
* The Insert and Page Up keys rotate the camera around the vertical axis. (Yaw)
* The Home and End keys move the camera closer/further away from the ground.
* The F2 key brings up graphical options.
Open Source
The Evoke 2.0 engine is completely open source. You are free to use the code in any way you like, modified, unmodified or copy and pasted into your own work. However, I expect you to respect these points:
* If you use an Evoke Engine source code file and its contents unmodified, or use a major part of the file, please credit the author and leave this note in the file.
* For use in anything commercial, please request my approval.
* Share your work and ideas too as much as you can.
Graphically the Evoke engine was inspired by titles like Diablo II, The Chaos Engine, Dungeon Keeper 2, Cannon Fodder 2 and more recently Dawn of War.
The Evoke Engine is currently being updated to 2.0
Short term To Do List:
# Add screenshots to this page.
# Refactor CZone to become CHectometre.
# Refactor CArea to become CDecametre.
# ReFactor Contents1.ini into the appropriate 70 CDecametres, and get them to be loaded.
# Create a CCamera class.
## Get the camera to toggle between 3rd and 1st Person modes, based on if you press Delete.
## Make the camera switch to 3rd person automatically mode if it moves.
## Get the Camera to interpolate its viewing angle dependant on its altitude, and remove the ability change this via Home and End.
# Add a new room.
** Upload all .libs, and some source code (Files Project).
Long term To Do List
* More meshes.
* HDR frame buffer and exposure control.
* Gamma curve correct lighting calculations.
* Deferred Rendering.
* 2 GPU Particle Systems.
* Upload remaining source code.
Controls
* The Arrow keys move the camera around the world, on the 'ground' plane
* The Insert and Page Up keys rotate the camera around the vertical axis. (Yaw)
* The Home and End keys move the camera closer/further away from the ground.
* The F2 key brings up graphical options.
Open Source
The Evoke 2.0 engine is completely open source. You are free to use the code in any way you like, modified, unmodified or copy and pasted into your own work. However, I expect you to respect these points:
* If you use an Evoke Engine source code file and its contents unmodified, or use a major part of the file, please credit the author and leave this note in the file.
* For use in anything commercial, please request my approval.
* Share your work and ideas too as much as you can.