The Crêpe bretonne (krampouezenn in the Breton language) is a traditional dish in Lower Brittany, a region of France. It can be served plain, or with sweet or savoury fillings. The Crêpe bretonne can be made of wheat (sweet crêpe) or buckwheat (savoury crêpe). The latter is less well-known and should not be confused with the buckwheat pancake typical of Upper Brittany, which has a different recipe.
Russia conquers Europe is a literary topos in invasion literature, future history, dystopian fiction, alternate history and the modern technothriller. Works employing the motif imagine Russia, the Soviet Union, the Bolsheviks or a post-Soviet Russian state attacking, occupying or politically subjugating all or part of Europe. The identity of the imagined invader has changed with European history: nineteenth-century fiction generally presented Tsarist Russia as an imperial military power; interwar works recast the threat as a Bolshevik world revolution; Cold War fiction imagined a Warsaw Pact offensive against NATO; and post-1991 writing increasingly concentrated on Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic states, Finland and the Arctic.
The topos overlaps with, but is narrower than, the general genre of invasion literature. It includes conventional novels as well as some book-length fictional histories and strategic scenarios written in a novelistic form. The latter are identified below as borderline cases. Historical fiction about invasions that had already occurred when the work was written—for example, novels about the Soviet interventions in Hungary in 1956 or Czechoslovakia in 1968—is excluded.
China conquers Europe is a literary topos and a recurring literary motif in which China, a Chinese-led coalition, or a Chinese-centred political order conquers, occupies or otherwise dominates Europe, Russia or the Soviet Union. The motif occurs in invasion literature, future war fiction, dystopian fiction, alternate history and future history. The phrase is descriptive rather than the name of a formally defined literary genre.
The motif developed out of nineteenth-century European fears of the so-called Yellow Peril. Early works typically imagined enormous Chinese or Sino-Japanese armies moving westward through Russia and overwhelming technologically advanced but divided European states. Such narratives frequently employed racial stereotypes, demographic fears and inversions of contemporary European colonial expansion.
Chinese future fiction of the late Qing period partly reversed this model. Rather than presenting China as a mindless horde, works such as The Future of New China and New Era imagined a modernised China defeating Russia or Western coalitions and overturning the unequal international order imposed by European imperial powers.
During the later twentieth century, the motif shifted from invasion towards Chinese global hegemony. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, it has become particularly prominent in Russian dystopian fiction. In these works, China often acquires Siberia or reduces Russia to dependency through settlement, commerce, technology and administrative control rather than through a single conventional war.
The chronology below uses strict century boundaries: 1900 is treated as part of the nineteenth century and 2000 as part of the twentieth.
Cheb Nacer is a Moroccan raï singer and musician who emerged as a prominent figure in the 1990s popular music and cabaret scene. He is best known for his hybrid "techno-raï" style, blending traditional North African genres with electronic club music and European pop covers sung in Darija.