Two or three Abbasid expeditions to East Africa are mentioned in the late Arabic Book of the Zanj. The Abbasid caliphs al-Manṣūr (754–775), Hārūn al-Rashīd (786–809) and al-Maʾmūn (813–833) are reputed to have sent punitive expeditions to the Islamized city-states of the Somali coast and set up governors there. The Book of the Zanj does not survive in any copy earlier than the 20th century and its historical reliability is highly questionable for the early Islamic period.
The 9th-century writer al-Jāḥiẓ records an Omani expedition to East Africa in the late 7th century, but it was defeated. According to the Book of the Zanj, Islam came to Mogadishu and Kilwa in 694–695 during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Marwān I. Both the Book of the Zanj and the Pate Chronicle, which places it slightly later in 696–697, attribute the arrival of Syrian Muslims to caliphal initiative. The inhabitants of the coast accepted Islam and agreed to pay the kharāj to the caliphs. The Abbasids, who took over from the Umayyads in 750, sent an emissary, Yahya ibn ʿUmar al-ʿAnazī, to the East African cities in 765–766. The sultans of Mogadishu, Mārka, Barāwa, Faza, Sīwī, Bata, Manda (Munda), Ṭaqa, Lamu (Āmu), Ūzi, Malindi (Malūdi), Uyūmba, Kilifi, Basāsa, Zanzibar, Kilwa and Waybu (possibly a tributary of the Shebelle) are among those who accepted the emissary. Gervase Mathew dates this to 766–767 and considers it a military expedition.
In 804, according to the Book, the Zanj (Zunūj) refused to pay the kharāj and Hārūn sent an emir with soldiers against them. He replaced the Arab wālīs (governors) with Persians from Shīrāz in every village from Mogadishu to Kilwa. The Pate Chronicle also mentions Hārūn sending the Persians. The Persians were loyal for many years, but they stopped sending the kharāj even during the reign of Hārūn and entered open rebellion during the Miḥna of al-Maʾmūn, when he espoused the createdness of the Quran. The Zanj sent a manifesto to Baghdad and the caliph sent an army of 50,000 (raised either in Iraq or Egypt) to Malindi, which caused the leaders of the rebellion to flee into the nyika (brush country). They returned when the army left, but paid the outstanding kharāj and accepted the opinion of al-Maʾmūn. The Book of the Zanj dates these events to 837–838, which is not consistent with the reign of al-Maʾmūn.
Name: Zafar Hijazi Born: 8th. Sep.1953( Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Education: Government Degree College, Faisalabad.
Chartered Accountant Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan
Positions previously held:
- Chairman Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan https://www.nation.com.pk/20-Dec-2014/govt-appoints-hijazi-as-secp-chairman
- Chairman Audit Oversight Board Pakistan chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://aob.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/AOB-Constitution-Notification-1.pdf
Present Position:Federal Tax Ombudsman, Pakistan https://president.gov.pk/president-administers-oath-to-federal-tax-ombudsman-2
Spouse: Zahida Perveen
Children: Momena Hassan
Mohammad Arslan Zafar
Mohammad Salman Zafar
Full Name: Muhammad Zafar ul Haq Hijazi. Mr. Hijazi, a Fellow Chartered Accountant and member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP), has over four decades of distinguished service in Pakistan’s taxation , corporate, financial, and regulatory sectors. In past he has lead Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and Audit Oversight Board, Pakistan as Chairman of these apex regulatory bodies.
As Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP), he spearheaded major legal reforms, including the enactment of the Companies Act, 2017, Securities Act, 2015, and Futures Market Act, 2016. These initiatives modernized Pakistan’s corporate regulatory framework and aligned it with international best practices.Mr. Hijazi also led the successful integration of Pakistan’s three stock exchanges into the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) , a landmark reform that helped Pakistan earn Emerging Market status in the MSCI Index. Under his leadership, the IOSCO recognized Pakistan’s capital market for achieving 82% compliance with international transparency standards, up from 32%.
In August 2023, he was appointed Chairman of the Audit Oversight Board, where he introduced several key legal and regulatory reforms to enhance audit quality and accountability. The AOB also took decisive disciplinary action against negligent audit firms, reinforcing public trust in the audit profession.
In 2017 Mr. Hijazi refused to follow secretly given telephonic instructions by Panama Bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan (SC) to nominate a particular SECP,s officer for JIT constituted to prob money laundering charges against then Prime Minister of Pakistan Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. After the news of this secret telephonic instructions to him and Mr. Hijazi,s refusal to follow illegal instructions got flashed in Media, the furious Panama Bench Judges ordered registration of case against Mr. Hijazi with false allegation that Mr. Hijazi had pressurised lower staff to temper records of a company which was owned by Sharif family . A case was accordingly registered by FIA and Mr. Hijazi was arrested. He was acquitted by court in this case in 2023. Mr.Hijazi was appointed as Federal Tax Ombudsman of Pakistan by President of Pakistan on 2nd. December 2025 and he took oath on 16th. December 2025. Mr. Hijazi comes from a literary family and is nephew of Late Nasim Hijazi, the reputed Urdu novelist.
Rick Heidner (born c. 1960) is an American businessman, real estate developer, and politician from Illinois. He is the founder and chairman of Gold Rush Gaming and Heidner Properties, a real estate group that manages over 280 properties across the United States. In October 2025, Heidner announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2026 Illinois gubernatorial election.
Hemenway is an unincorporated community in Lane Township, Warrick County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
History
A post office was established at Hemenway in 1900, but closed soon after, in 1903. Members of the Hemenway family were among the early settlers in the area.
Geography
Hemenway is located at .