Shannon Burchett is an American business executive and a U.S. author on topics of risk theory and strategy, including Risk Rules, which defined the fundamental laws of risk.
He obtained an MBA in finance from the Freeman School of Business at Tulane University and then became a corporate foreign exchange trader in New York. He was at Bankers Trust New York during the development of the financial derivatives market. He was director of international finance at Aetna in Hartford, Connecticut. He subsequently worked with financial derivatives for Salomon Brothers’ Phibro commodity trading unit, and then with Chase Manhattan in creating hybrid market transactions such as structured notes. He was president of Ameren Energy. In the late 1990s he became managing director of Risk Limited Corp in Dallas and lead the development of the default probability rating model now used in the RiskRank system for managing credit risk of trading portfolios.
Burchett and [http://books.google.com/books?id84Wz-iL05CEC&printsecfrontcover&dq=valery+kholodnyi&sourcebl&otsvNKy5UPGzp&sigL7O8PwrdTW_lppbKdF54B2DXw4Q&hlen&eidjHUTJm1MYL98AaZs9CyCw&saX&oibook_result&ctresult&resnum8&ved0CDQQ6AEwBw#vonepage&qvalery%20kholodnyi&f=false Valery Kholodnyi], Fellow at the Wolfgang Pauli Institute, developed operational risk estimation techniques for rare events.
He was included in Energy Risk magazine's hall of fame in 2004 for risk management innovations and received Energy Risk magazine's "Outstanding Achievement of the Year" award in 2006 for providing risk management experts to assist with relief work in
the New Orleans area following Hurricane Katrina.
Burchett was an adjunct professor of finance and economics at New York University and Tulane University. He is a regular guest contributor on Indian TV news channels CNBC Awaaz and NDTV.
He obtained an MBA in finance from the Freeman School of Business at Tulane University and then became a corporate foreign exchange trader in New York. He was at Bankers Trust New York during the development of the financial derivatives market. He was director of international finance at Aetna in Hartford, Connecticut. He subsequently worked with financial derivatives for Salomon Brothers’ Phibro commodity trading unit, and then with Chase Manhattan in creating hybrid market transactions such as structured notes. He was president of Ameren Energy. In the late 1990s he became managing director of Risk Limited Corp in Dallas and lead the development of the default probability rating model now used in the RiskRank system for managing credit risk of trading portfolios.
Burchett and [http://books.google.com/books?id84Wz-iL05CEC&printsecfrontcover&dq=valery+kholodnyi&sourcebl&otsvNKy5UPGzp&sigL7O8PwrdTW_lppbKdF54B2DXw4Q&hlen&eidjHUTJm1MYL98AaZs9CyCw&saX&oibook_result&ctresult&resnum8&ved0CDQQ6AEwBw#vonepage&qvalery%20kholodnyi&f=false Valery Kholodnyi], Fellow at the Wolfgang Pauli Institute, developed operational risk estimation techniques for rare events.
He was included in Energy Risk magazine's hall of fame in 2004 for risk management innovations and received Energy Risk magazine's "Outstanding Achievement of the Year" award in 2006 for providing risk management experts to assist with relief work in
the New Orleans area following Hurricane Katrina.
Burchett was an adjunct professor of finance and economics at New York University and Tulane University. He is a regular guest contributor on Indian TV news channels CNBC Awaaz and NDTV.
An ecological impact is defined as the effect of human and natural activities on the living and non-living environment. Before the rise of the Industrial revolution, the peoples of the newly colonized continent caused many ecological impacts on the New World’s land. Some of the most significant impacts were deforestation, the introduction of new virus pathogens and diseases, and the introduction of new fauna and flora to mimic the homelands of England.
Prior to colonial contact, Native Americans affected the growth of certain trees and the fertility of the grasslands using frequent burning practices. This would later become quite beneficial for arriving colonists who encountered many fertile regions to build on. When European colonists began to settle around the 1700s, they brought over their own images of how the new land should be shaped, not having much perspective on the impact they were going to cause on the new ecosystems, themselves and on the native peoples.
Differing ways of living
A lack of perspective on how the environment is affected by human contact can lead to unsustainable resources and unhealthy living conditions. A major environmental historian, William Cronon, wrote, “The choice is not between two landscapes, one with and one without a human influence; it is between two ways of living, two ways of belonging to an ecosystem.” Cronon was stating the contrast of how the colonials viewed the ecosystem and how the Native Americans viewed the ecosystem. The Native Americans used their burning practices to provide a range of habitats which benefited both the natives and the fauna and flora of the region. This also made it easier for the Native Americans to gather certain nuts and created an environment which would promote more deer to the area so they could hunt them. The colonials' view of the ecosystem was that it was to be modified for grazing and agricultural purposes. This promoted a more monocultural landscape, which decreased the diversity of the ecosystem. Colonists also believed that people could own the land, which brought about great contrast between the Natives' views of the land. The Native Americans did not believe that one could own the landscape; the soil, the trees or the water. Therefore, when the colonists arrived it became easier for them to take or buy land from the Natives, because they did not understand this concept of owning land.
Use of fire
Prior to colonial contact, Native Americans practiced burning methods for forestry and grassland maintenance. In the Northeast, native tribes that dated back to about 10,000 years ago lived near maritime environments where there was a rich source of resources to support their settlements . Yet to support their rapidly growing population, they began to utilize the forest, especially in southern New England, for forestry practices involving the use of fire . The purpose of selective burning practices for the Native Americans was to burn any brush and thickets underlying the forest and other unwanted non-fire resistant trees. John Smith recorded in his journal that in southern New England, “the chiefe woode is oke,” (oak) -a fire resistance taxon. The use of fire for the native’s forestry practices made it easier for the natives to hunt and gather and use selected species such as the oaks for building purposes. This was not an unsustainable practice because both the natural and the natives’ practices in burning kept the vegetation at a constant state of flux. The Native American tribes that used fire tended to burn in the late spring just before new growth appears, this promoted good fertility in the soil which the vegetation needed to grow. This practice helped to sustain growing populations. They would burn on a yearly basis or every other year or in intervals of five. Studies revealed fires occurring about every 10 years until 1701 when the area was settled by Europeans. These practices proved to be very beneficial to the newly arrived colonists with a rich supply of fertile resources.
Colonial expansion
The Colonial period left a major impact on the northeast. Other than wood being the primary resource for the colonials to build up their settlements, religious views influenced how the environment was treated by the new settlers. Famous colonists, John Winthrop, Cotton Mather and Michael Wigglesworth were interested in “carving Jerusalem out of a “waste and howling wilderness”. “Carving Jerusalem,” meant cleansing the land and converting it by religious right. This dictated the promise of a new life, a new world that they had the freedom to tame or to “civilize.” Cotton Mathers preached of the Native Americans as being the followers of Satan and the wilderness as there harbor of evil doings. This also helped the colonist justify their expansion by also getting rid of the Native Americans along with the “uncivilized”, “evil breeding” grounds. According to our forefathers, men should convert “unimproved” nature into “developed” civilization”. This suggested that the colonist had a patriotic duty to clear the uncivilized and unknown aspects of this new world. The New England colonists specifically, saw themselves as “Christ Army” or “Soldiers of Christ” in a war against the wilderness. The uncivilized land and people supposedly held the colonist back from expansion of their ‘empire’ per se.
By the mid-19th century, deforestation in the northeast had reached its maximum, when two-thirds of Connecticut itself was open and cleared. Wood was being used for building and firewood along with clearing the way for expansion of the colonists’ newly established ‘civilized’ world. With the rise of the agricultural revolution, much more land was cleared for cultivation. As early as 1659, deforestation in New London, Connecticut, after 13 years of being settled, was so intense that cutting was prohibited within four miles of the meeting house. Many ecological factors followed the deforesting of the land. In the Adirondacks, there was a massive decline in the hemlock population because they were being harvested for their bark. Later this was found to be correlated with an increase in forest fires in the area. The impacts became even more severe when the streams started to dry up and there was an increase in erosion.
Diseases and animals
Deforestation was one of the driving factors towards the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Many human-induced land changes bring about this consequence. The diseases were most prevalent at the time were small pox, yellow fever and malaria. The populations who were most affected by newly introduced disease were the Native Americans. This came about in the context of the newly settled Europeans bringing over new fauna, flora and disease. The natives did not have the immunity that the colonists had to these new infestments. “Far more Native Americans died in bed from Eurasian germs than on the battlefield from European guns and swords. ”The impact was tremendous. The Native American population had declined a near 95 percent a decade or two after Columbus. In the conditions of epidemic disease and intra-European warfare, the conditions for both the colonists and the natives were worsened. Much of the Native American populations were misplaced because of infectious diseases brought over by Europeans.
As part of the European conquest, between 1492 and the early 19th century Europeans sought to replace their sought out lands of the Americas, Australia and New Zealand with the plants, animals and human residence of their native surroundings. This caused much ecological stress on the native populations of their newly conquered lands. The introduced species were of a much more competitive nature than the native species. Many of the exotic plant species thrived off of newly disturbed areas, thus the clearing of land and ditching. Many of the animals brought over carried diseases, and plants carried over aggressive insects. Scholars have suggested that the pigs or their offspring brought over might have introduced anthrax, brucellosis, trichinosis, and other diseases into the South. This had the potential for absolute catastrophe for the native populations of plant, animal and native human residence. Yet livestock had little immediate effect on the area. Colonist and natives were forced to adapt to these rapidly changing environments.
With the introduction of new technologies and domesticated animals the land became much easier to manipulate and change. In a literal sense, known by colonists, they knew that clearing the land for their own prosperity was possible. Yet, what they did not intentionally bring was other aspects that would make their influence on the land more to their advantage. For buffalo were replaced by cattle, wheat for buffalo grass, gold miners for grizzly bears, and native fauna replaced with domestic or more competitive species including the human population itself. A large percentage of both living and non-living aspects converted over to a neo-European landscape.
Effects
Colonialisms’ effect on the landscape of North America was highly dramatic. The depopulation of the native people, the introduction of exotic flora and fauna to the region, technologies, and ideas of transforming the landscape are all factors in which caused great upheaval to the ecosystems the colonists impacted. Many of the native species were misplaced by the new, more competitive species brought in by the colonials. Along with the introduction of new species came new diseases and viruses that livestock would bring with them. The ecosystem was vulnerable to invasion whether it is a new competitive species, human population, and habitat destruction. The introduction of new diseases misplaced a high percentage of the Native Americans, yet the colonists were also very much affected by the spread of disease. Diseases such as small pox , measles, influenza, typhus, yellow fever and malaria were the major diseases and viruses that impacted almost everyone due to the vulnerability of the environment. In 1837, the Mandan Indian tribe, who were a very culturally diverse and developed Great Plains tribe, was wiped out within weeks by a smallpox epidemic contracted by a steamboat traveling up the Missouri River from St. Louis. Though the Native Americans had their own ecological impact to the land, their impact benefitted the ecosystem more than negativity impacting it. The colonials' views and aspiration toward land use converged with the Native Americans practices, as well as the convergence of views of the land creating impacts to the environment which are still affecting the lands of North America today. The years after 1877, would follow with more consequences and impacts beyond the colonists' foresight. Yet, the colonists were making a life for themselves the only way they knew how, by shaping it like their homelands.
Prior to colonial contact, Native Americans affected the growth of certain trees and the fertility of the grasslands using frequent burning practices. This would later become quite beneficial for arriving colonists who encountered many fertile regions to build on. When European colonists began to settle around the 1700s, they brought over their own images of how the new land should be shaped, not having much perspective on the impact they were going to cause on the new ecosystems, themselves and on the native peoples.
Differing ways of living
A lack of perspective on how the environment is affected by human contact can lead to unsustainable resources and unhealthy living conditions. A major environmental historian, William Cronon, wrote, “The choice is not between two landscapes, one with and one without a human influence; it is between two ways of living, two ways of belonging to an ecosystem.” Cronon was stating the contrast of how the colonials viewed the ecosystem and how the Native Americans viewed the ecosystem. The Native Americans used their burning practices to provide a range of habitats which benefited both the natives and the fauna and flora of the region. This also made it easier for the Native Americans to gather certain nuts and created an environment which would promote more deer to the area so they could hunt them. The colonials' view of the ecosystem was that it was to be modified for grazing and agricultural purposes. This promoted a more monocultural landscape, which decreased the diversity of the ecosystem. Colonists also believed that people could own the land, which brought about great contrast between the Natives' views of the land. The Native Americans did not believe that one could own the landscape; the soil, the trees or the water. Therefore, when the colonists arrived it became easier for them to take or buy land from the Natives, because they did not understand this concept of owning land.
Use of fire
Prior to colonial contact, Native Americans practiced burning methods for forestry and grassland maintenance. In the Northeast, native tribes that dated back to about 10,000 years ago lived near maritime environments where there was a rich source of resources to support their settlements . Yet to support their rapidly growing population, they began to utilize the forest, especially in southern New England, for forestry practices involving the use of fire . The purpose of selective burning practices for the Native Americans was to burn any brush and thickets underlying the forest and other unwanted non-fire resistant trees. John Smith recorded in his journal that in southern New England, “the chiefe woode is oke,” (oak) -a fire resistance taxon. The use of fire for the native’s forestry practices made it easier for the natives to hunt and gather and use selected species such as the oaks for building purposes. This was not an unsustainable practice because both the natural and the natives’ practices in burning kept the vegetation at a constant state of flux. The Native American tribes that used fire tended to burn in the late spring just before new growth appears, this promoted good fertility in the soil which the vegetation needed to grow. This practice helped to sustain growing populations. They would burn on a yearly basis or every other year or in intervals of five. Studies revealed fires occurring about every 10 years until 1701 when the area was settled by Europeans. These practices proved to be very beneficial to the newly arrived colonists with a rich supply of fertile resources.
Colonial expansion
The Colonial period left a major impact on the northeast. Other than wood being the primary resource for the colonials to build up their settlements, religious views influenced how the environment was treated by the new settlers. Famous colonists, John Winthrop, Cotton Mather and Michael Wigglesworth were interested in “carving Jerusalem out of a “waste and howling wilderness”. “Carving Jerusalem,” meant cleansing the land and converting it by religious right. This dictated the promise of a new life, a new world that they had the freedom to tame or to “civilize.” Cotton Mathers preached of the Native Americans as being the followers of Satan and the wilderness as there harbor of evil doings. This also helped the colonist justify their expansion by also getting rid of the Native Americans along with the “uncivilized”, “evil breeding” grounds. According to our forefathers, men should convert “unimproved” nature into “developed” civilization”. This suggested that the colonist had a patriotic duty to clear the uncivilized and unknown aspects of this new world. The New England colonists specifically, saw themselves as “Christ Army” or “Soldiers of Christ” in a war against the wilderness. The uncivilized land and people supposedly held the colonist back from expansion of their ‘empire’ per se.
By the mid-19th century, deforestation in the northeast had reached its maximum, when two-thirds of Connecticut itself was open and cleared. Wood was being used for building and firewood along with clearing the way for expansion of the colonists’ newly established ‘civilized’ world. With the rise of the agricultural revolution, much more land was cleared for cultivation. As early as 1659, deforestation in New London, Connecticut, after 13 years of being settled, was so intense that cutting was prohibited within four miles of the meeting house. Many ecological factors followed the deforesting of the land. In the Adirondacks, there was a massive decline in the hemlock population because they were being harvested for their bark. Later this was found to be correlated with an increase in forest fires in the area. The impacts became even more severe when the streams started to dry up and there was an increase in erosion.
Diseases and animals
Deforestation was one of the driving factors towards the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Many human-induced land changes bring about this consequence. The diseases were most prevalent at the time were small pox, yellow fever and malaria. The populations who were most affected by newly introduced disease were the Native Americans. This came about in the context of the newly settled Europeans bringing over new fauna, flora and disease. The natives did not have the immunity that the colonists had to these new infestments. “Far more Native Americans died in bed from Eurasian germs than on the battlefield from European guns and swords. ”The impact was tremendous. The Native American population had declined a near 95 percent a decade or two after Columbus. In the conditions of epidemic disease and intra-European warfare, the conditions for both the colonists and the natives were worsened. Much of the Native American populations were misplaced because of infectious diseases brought over by Europeans.
As part of the European conquest, between 1492 and the early 19th century Europeans sought to replace their sought out lands of the Americas, Australia and New Zealand with the plants, animals and human residence of their native surroundings. This caused much ecological stress on the native populations of their newly conquered lands. The introduced species were of a much more competitive nature than the native species. Many of the exotic plant species thrived off of newly disturbed areas, thus the clearing of land and ditching. Many of the animals brought over carried diseases, and plants carried over aggressive insects. Scholars have suggested that the pigs or their offspring brought over might have introduced anthrax, brucellosis, trichinosis, and other diseases into the South. This had the potential for absolute catastrophe for the native populations of plant, animal and native human residence. Yet livestock had little immediate effect on the area. Colonist and natives were forced to adapt to these rapidly changing environments.
With the introduction of new technologies and domesticated animals the land became much easier to manipulate and change. In a literal sense, known by colonists, they knew that clearing the land for their own prosperity was possible. Yet, what they did not intentionally bring was other aspects that would make their influence on the land more to their advantage. For buffalo were replaced by cattle, wheat for buffalo grass, gold miners for grizzly bears, and native fauna replaced with domestic or more competitive species including the human population itself. A large percentage of both living and non-living aspects converted over to a neo-European landscape.
Effects
Colonialisms’ effect on the landscape of North America was highly dramatic. The depopulation of the native people, the introduction of exotic flora and fauna to the region, technologies, and ideas of transforming the landscape are all factors in which caused great upheaval to the ecosystems the colonists impacted. Many of the native species were misplaced by the new, more competitive species brought in by the colonials. Along with the introduction of new species came new diseases and viruses that livestock would bring with them. The ecosystem was vulnerable to invasion whether it is a new competitive species, human population, and habitat destruction. The introduction of new diseases misplaced a high percentage of the Native Americans, yet the colonists were also very much affected by the spread of disease. Diseases such as small pox , measles, influenza, typhus, yellow fever and malaria were the major diseases and viruses that impacted almost everyone due to the vulnerability of the environment. In 1837, the Mandan Indian tribe, who were a very culturally diverse and developed Great Plains tribe, was wiped out within weeks by a smallpox epidemic contracted by a steamboat traveling up the Missouri River from St. Louis. Though the Native Americans had their own ecological impact to the land, their impact benefitted the ecosystem more than negativity impacting it. The colonials' views and aspiration toward land use converged with the Native Americans practices, as well as the convergence of views of the land creating impacts to the environment which are still affecting the lands of North America today. The years after 1877, would follow with more consequences and impacts beyond the colonists' foresight. Yet, the colonists were making a life for themselves the only way they knew how, by shaping it like their homelands.
ArchiveConnect, a Hierarchical Storage Management enabler for Macintosh from Group Logic, Inc, (Arlington, Virginia, USA), enhances the Mac Finder with archive management functions and controls the Finder’s advanced user experience features, including file previews, Quick Look and Cover Flow, so that they do not unintentionally trigger mass recalls of archived files.
ArchiveConnect supports Mac OS 10.5 Tiger and Mac OS 10.6 Snow Leopard.
ArchiveConnect does not require ExtremeZ-IP but does perform additional functions when the server is running ExtremeZ-IP.
ArchiveConnect Release History
Latest Releases
ArchiveConnect 1.1 (Released: September 15, 2010)
ArchiveConnect 1.0 (Released: July 21, 2009)
ArchiveConnect supports Mac OS 10.5 Tiger and Mac OS 10.6 Snow Leopard.
ArchiveConnect does not require ExtremeZ-IP but does perform additional functions when the server is running ExtremeZ-IP.
ArchiveConnect Release History
Latest Releases
ArchiveConnect 1.1 (Released: September 15, 2010)
ArchiveConnect 1.0 (Released: July 21, 2009)
Plastic To Petrol
IMAGE LINK IS "[]"
In today’s advanced life various types of plastics have a lots of applications in almost every field of life. From the writing pen to the gigantic parts of the space shuttle various plastics are used widely. And after the use of this plastic comes the question of disposing it. Some plastics can be recycled and reused but what about the non-recyclable and non-reusable plastics? The polyethylene bags of less microns(<= 20 microns), wrappers and other scraps can not be recycled. Here is the most novel technique of utilizing as well as disposing this waste plastic.
The method includes the disintegration of waste plastic in the enclosed container called as the plastic disintegrator. Here the plastic is disintegrated into its basic constitutes by the breaking of polymers due to heating. Mostly ethane, methane and octane are evolved by this disintegration. These gases are then converted into liquid form. The liquid thus formed is then distilled to get pure liquid which is a substitute to pure quality of domestic fuel. As a result the waste plastic is disposed off along with the production of usable fuel and many other by products.
DISCRIPTION:
For the construction of this model no special materials are used. Infact this model can be setup by any person at his own home ! Necessarily, an enclosed container of capacity more than 5 liters (Empty/used containers of paint or oil could be best for this purpose) , steel pipes of 4 inch diameter (about 2 meter long) , some angles for connecting these pipes to the container , cocks/taps for controlling the flow of gas , a beaker or small container for collecting produced impure liquid , and most importantly a furnace for heating the container upto 150 C (Wood , coal or electric furnace can serve the purpose). Also waste plastic is needed for the process.
Construction of this model is the simplest construction ever. Fill the container with plastic below 4 inch from the lid. Arrange the pipes on a stand as shown in figure 1. Close the mouth of the container with suitable lid . Ensure that all the cocks/taps are closed. Heat the furnace upto 150 C. Keep the container on the furnace. Allow the container to heat for about 20 minutes. After 20 minutes open the cock/tap which is connects container to the pipes. Allow the gas released during the disintegration to get accumulated inside the pipe. After the next 15 minutes open the cock/tap at the other end of pipe and allow the liquid to get down in the provide beaker at the end. The liquid thus obtained is not in its purest form. This liquid contains the impurities depending upon the source of waste plastic. This obtained impure liquid is then distilled. In the phase one of distillaton, pure form of liquid is obtained while in the next phase pure lubricating oil is obtained. The time required for the disintegration of all plastic filled inside the container is about 2 hours. Also this disintegration of waste plastic is based totally dependent on the temperature. As long as the high temperature is constant the disintegration will take place at higher rate. The total disintegration of plastic inside the disintegrator can be marked when no more liquid is coming out of the pipe into the beaker. At this time the lid of the enclosed container is opened and the container is allowed to get cool down. Then the left over inside the container is taken out and is separated as semi-solid and tough solid. Generally as per the tests conducted , the semi-solid is lubricating material which can be used as a substitute to grease whereas the tough black colored solid is the impure form of activated carbon. Wax is also obtained at the bottom of container when scraps contains traces of outdated mattresses.
As an overall, this model of Plastic Management produces many useful materials along with the disposal of waste plastic.These products have many applications. Firstly, the liquid which is produced after the distillation of impure liquid can be used as a substitute to petrol. Chemically representing, this pure liquid is nothing but the liquefied form of ethane (C2H6)and octane(C8H18). This pure liquid serves as best substitute to petrol because of the reasons like:
1. Cheapest than any other substitute to petrol (viz. kerosene , diesel) as produced from waste plastic.
2. No sulphur content so eco-friendly*(In the sense it has no sulphur and emits less black smoke).
3. Efficient fuel giving an average of 56 km/lit. (Test 1) and 57 km/lit. (Test 2) as tested on Bajaj Pulsar (150 CC).
4. Producing very less amount of carbon monoxide so emitting less or no black smoke.
5. The other semi-liquid solution left during distillation can be used as an lubricating oil for lubrication works. This oil is an ideal oil as it qualifies all the necessary conditions for a solution to be an oil i.e. It doesn't get freezed at temperatures below 0 C and also doesn't get more slippery at temperature more than 60 C. The end product when segregated as semi-solid and tough solid gives various by products like lubricating material, impure form of activated carbon and wax in some cases. The semi-liquid lubricating material produced resembles to grease . Hence, it can be used as lubricating agent in machines. The impure form of activated carbon can be purified further to get pure form of activated carbon or if this carbon gets burnt (in very few cases i.e. 1 of 50 cases) then it can be used along with tar for the making or remaking of tarred roads. Wax is also obtained in some cases if the waste plastic contains traces of mattresses. This wax can be used for making candles as it is a pure wax(color of the wax depends upon the overall color of the waste plastic in the container.).
REFERENCES:
Till the District level of Sci-Exhibition we were not knowing that a project some what replicating to us exists. Till then we were totally dependent on various chemistry books available in our school library as well as some other nearby libraries. We could have also said that this model is the work of our own minds but but due to its replicating existence we can't. If taken into consideration the existing project and our model there are many differences. Infact there is a vast difference. We are quite advanced than the existing once. We also took help from various magazines such as Science Reporter (CSIR), Scientific American etc.
IMAGE LINK IS "[]"
In today’s advanced life various types of plastics have a lots of applications in almost every field of life. From the writing pen to the gigantic parts of the space shuttle various plastics are used widely. And after the use of this plastic comes the question of disposing it. Some plastics can be recycled and reused but what about the non-recyclable and non-reusable plastics? The polyethylene bags of less microns(<= 20 microns), wrappers and other scraps can not be recycled. Here is the most novel technique of utilizing as well as disposing this waste plastic.
The method includes the disintegration of waste plastic in the enclosed container called as the plastic disintegrator. Here the plastic is disintegrated into its basic constitutes by the breaking of polymers due to heating. Mostly ethane, methane and octane are evolved by this disintegration. These gases are then converted into liquid form. The liquid thus formed is then distilled to get pure liquid which is a substitute to pure quality of domestic fuel. As a result the waste plastic is disposed off along with the production of usable fuel and many other by products.
DISCRIPTION:
For the construction of this model no special materials are used. Infact this model can be setup by any person at his own home ! Necessarily, an enclosed container of capacity more than 5 liters (Empty/used containers of paint or oil could be best for this purpose) , steel pipes of 4 inch diameter (about 2 meter long) , some angles for connecting these pipes to the container , cocks/taps for controlling the flow of gas , a beaker or small container for collecting produced impure liquid , and most importantly a furnace for heating the container upto 150 C (Wood , coal or electric furnace can serve the purpose). Also waste plastic is needed for the process.
Construction of this model is the simplest construction ever. Fill the container with plastic below 4 inch from the lid. Arrange the pipes on a stand as shown in figure 1. Close the mouth of the container with suitable lid . Ensure that all the cocks/taps are closed. Heat the furnace upto 150 C. Keep the container on the furnace. Allow the container to heat for about 20 minutes. After 20 minutes open the cock/tap which is connects container to the pipes. Allow the gas released during the disintegration to get accumulated inside the pipe. After the next 15 minutes open the cock/tap at the other end of pipe and allow the liquid to get down in the provide beaker at the end. The liquid thus obtained is not in its purest form. This liquid contains the impurities depending upon the source of waste plastic. This obtained impure liquid is then distilled. In the phase one of distillaton, pure form of liquid is obtained while in the next phase pure lubricating oil is obtained. The time required for the disintegration of all plastic filled inside the container is about 2 hours. Also this disintegration of waste plastic is based totally dependent on the temperature. As long as the high temperature is constant the disintegration will take place at higher rate. The total disintegration of plastic inside the disintegrator can be marked when no more liquid is coming out of the pipe into the beaker. At this time the lid of the enclosed container is opened and the container is allowed to get cool down. Then the left over inside the container is taken out and is separated as semi-solid and tough solid. Generally as per the tests conducted , the semi-solid is lubricating material which can be used as a substitute to grease whereas the tough black colored solid is the impure form of activated carbon. Wax is also obtained at the bottom of container when scraps contains traces of outdated mattresses.
As an overall, this model of Plastic Management produces many useful materials along with the disposal of waste plastic.These products have many applications. Firstly, the liquid which is produced after the distillation of impure liquid can be used as a substitute to petrol. Chemically representing, this pure liquid is nothing but the liquefied form of ethane (C2H6)and octane(C8H18). This pure liquid serves as best substitute to petrol because of the reasons like:
1. Cheapest than any other substitute to petrol (viz. kerosene , diesel) as produced from waste plastic.
2. No sulphur content so eco-friendly*(In the sense it has no sulphur and emits less black smoke).
3. Efficient fuel giving an average of 56 km/lit. (Test 1) and 57 km/lit. (Test 2) as tested on Bajaj Pulsar (150 CC).
4. Producing very less amount of carbon monoxide so emitting less or no black smoke.
5. The other semi-liquid solution left during distillation can be used as an lubricating oil for lubrication works. This oil is an ideal oil as it qualifies all the necessary conditions for a solution to be an oil i.e. It doesn't get freezed at temperatures below 0 C and also doesn't get more slippery at temperature more than 60 C. The end product when segregated as semi-solid and tough solid gives various by products like lubricating material, impure form of activated carbon and wax in some cases. The semi-liquid lubricating material produced resembles to grease . Hence, it can be used as lubricating agent in machines. The impure form of activated carbon can be purified further to get pure form of activated carbon or if this carbon gets burnt (in very few cases i.e. 1 of 50 cases) then it can be used along with tar for the making or remaking of tarred roads. Wax is also obtained in some cases if the waste plastic contains traces of mattresses. This wax can be used for making candles as it is a pure wax(color of the wax depends upon the overall color of the waste plastic in the container.).
REFERENCES:
Till the District level of Sci-Exhibition we were not knowing that a project some what replicating to us exists. Till then we were totally dependent on various chemistry books available in our school library as well as some other nearby libraries. We could have also said that this model is the work of our own minds but but due to its replicating existence we can't. If taken into consideration the existing project and our model there are many differences. Infact there is a vast difference. We are quite advanced than the existing once. We also took help from various magazines such as Science Reporter (CSIR), Scientific American etc.