Parallel Genome Assembly (PGA) is a hypothesis in the field of evolutionary biology proposing a mechanism by which the diversity of life could have arisen from the primordial pond. The theory was developed by Periannan Senapathy.
The modern evolutionary synthesis, the expanded form of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, states that all life originated from a primitive organism, presumably a single celled organism. Senapathy argues that this evolutionary model is fundamentally flawed as there is very little commonality among genes from organisms from various branches in the tree of life, therefore a single primitive organism cannot be a last universal common ancestor. Further, Senapathy argues that evolving a new gene through random mutations could take as long as 10<sup>35</sub> years. Senapathy contends that genomes of all organisms are composed of several genes, each of which may have a different evolutionary history.
According to PGA, several complex eukaryotic genomes containing split genes could have easily arisen from the primordial pond, and that it was far more likely to have split genetic sequences containing short coding sequences interspersed with long sequences of non coding DNA within random genetic sequences in the primordial pond than simple prokaryotic genomes (which contain only coding sequences). Senapathy's research has shown that random genetic sequences have similar characteristics to long split genomes found in complex eukaryotic genomes. In addition, an impossible amount of DNA would be required for prokaryotic genomes to have developed directly from the primordial pond. According to this model, bacteria did not evolve into a eukaryote, nor did a eukaryote evolve into a complex multi-cellular life. Rather, complex genomes of multi-cellular organisms could have independently, and in parallel, developed from the pond. In this model, complex eukaryotic genomes would have in parallel risen first from the primordial pond. Senapathy argues that PGA eliminates several classical dilemmas presented by the conventional linear branching evolutionary theories such as the those in On the Origin of Species.<ref name="Nature Preceding Article 1"/>
Selected publications on PGA
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The modern evolutionary synthesis, the expanded form of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, states that all life originated from a primitive organism, presumably a single celled organism. Senapathy argues that this evolutionary model is fundamentally flawed as there is very little commonality among genes from organisms from various branches in the tree of life, therefore a single primitive organism cannot be a last universal common ancestor. Further, Senapathy argues that evolving a new gene through random mutations could take as long as 10<sup>35</sub> years. Senapathy contends that genomes of all organisms are composed of several genes, each of which may have a different evolutionary history.
According to PGA, several complex eukaryotic genomes containing split genes could have easily arisen from the primordial pond, and that it was far more likely to have split genetic sequences containing short coding sequences interspersed with long sequences of non coding DNA within random genetic sequences in the primordial pond than simple prokaryotic genomes (which contain only coding sequences). Senapathy's research has shown that random genetic sequences have similar characteristics to long split genomes found in complex eukaryotic genomes. In addition, an impossible amount of DNA would be required for prokaryotic genomes to have developed directly from the primordial pond. According to this model, bacteria did not evolve into a eukaryote, nor did a eukaryote evolve into a complex multi-cellular life. Rather, complex genomes of multi-cellular organisms could have independently, and in parallel, developed from the pond. In this model, complex eukaryotic genomes would have in parallel risen first from the primordial pond. Senapathy argues that PGA eliminates several classical dilemmas presented by the conventional linear branching evolutionary theories such as the those in On the Origin of Species.<ref name="Nature Preceding Article 1"/>
Selected publications on PGA
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Tim Soo is the creator of the project, Invisible Instruments and a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania.
Soo developed his project while he attended Emory College as an undergraduate, majoring in mathematics and minoring in music. The idea developed partially out of curiosity and when he did not have his violin at school for a music theory class. His first instrument, the violin, involved no strings, a bow made from a Wii remote and sounds from a music library on his Mac.
Invisible Instruments is an iPhone-based music tool which allows one to play any music instrument using the iPhone and Wii Controller, which acts as a MIDI device. So far, the violin, cello and bass have been developed, and other instruments are being developed using this technology.
His YouTube video, which reached 15,000 views, was featured by tech site, Mashable as "Video of the day". MTV awarded him “Best Music Hack” in its celebration of digital music in the form of the O Music Awards.
In 2008, he founded FewForChange, a non-profit organization that raises scholarships for underprivileged children abroad.
Soo developed his project while he attended Emory College as an undergraduate, majoring in mathematics and minoring in music. The idea developed partially out of curiosity and when he did not have his violin at school for a music theory class. His first instrument, the violin, involved no strings, a bow made from a Wii remote and sounds from a music library on his Mac.
Invisible Instruments is an iPhone-based music tool which allows one to play any music instrument using the iPhone and Wii Controller, which acts as a MIDI device. So far, the violin, cello and bass have been developed, and other instruments are being developed using this technology.
His YouTube video, which reached 15,000 views, was featured by tech site, Mashable as "Video of the day". MTV awarded him “Best Music Hack” in its celebration of digital music in the form of the O Music Awards.
In 2008, he founded FewForChange, a non-profit organization that raises scholarships for underprivileged children abroad.
Cable Rant is located at the web URL www.cablerant.com. The site is a forum where Cable TV subscribers could chat in a forum setting about their service, search for help and provide help for other members regarding Cable TV services and products. In addition to Cable TV service, members often chat about Cable Broadband Internet service, Cable VoiP service and about specific television channels.
History
Cable Rant was founded in August 2007 by two buddies who believed the Internet was lacking a Cable TV forum. There were many sites that catered to Satellite TV and Internet service, but not Cable TV. Since it’s founding the site has grown to over 500 members, most of whom are active on a daily basis.
Features
The site’s has two main sections. The first is the Breaking New section, where the moderators post snippets of current news articles and links. In many cases Cable Rant was the first to break an article. The second is the forums, which contains 21 categories where members can discuss their issues and experiences with various cable providers. In addition there is even an employee section for members who are also employees of a cable provider to discuss life working for them and to swap stores.
History
Cable Rant was founded in August 2007 by two buddies who believed the Internet was lacking a Cable TV forum. There were many sites that catered to Satellite TV and Internet service, but not Cable TV. Since it’s founding the site has grown to over 500 members, most of whom are active on a daily basis.
Features
The site’s has two main sections. The first is the Breaking New section, where the moderators post snippets of current news articles and links. In many cases Cable Rant was the first to break an article. The second is the forums, which contains 21 categories where members can discuss their issues and experiences with various cable providers. In addition there is even an employee section for members who are also employees of a cable provider to discuss life working for them and to swap stores.
Andrew Wamsley (born July 7, 1984) is an American man from Texas who was convicted for the murder of his parents, Rick and Susana Wamsley on December 11, 2003. He was sentenced to life in prison.
Andrew Wamsley was abetted by his girlfriend, Chelsea Lea Richardson and her roommate, Susana Toledano in the killings of his parents on December 11, 2003. Andrew Wamsley was motivated by a $1 million dollar insurance policy and the $1.65 million estate in Mansfield, Texas he was a beneficiary to with his sister, Sarah. Sarah Wamsley claims Andrew Wamsley wanted to murder her also, so that he would not have to split the estate. Andrew Wamsley and Chelsea Richardson encouraged Susana Toledano to shoot the Ramsley couple. The murder was clearly premeditated as the threesome were plottiing to kill the couple months before the murder and considered and attempted alternative methods to do the killings. The threesome befriended a manager of IHOP, Hilario Cardenas of whom conspired with them to carry out the murder. He ended up only providing a gun for the murders which he sold to Andrew Wamsley, and later he allegedly refused to help with the shootings. The youths had tried to murder the couple previously to December 11, 2003 by trying to destroy the brakes of their car and by shooting at them one night while they were driving their vehicle. After these plans did not work out, they decided to shoot them in the couple's estate while they were sleeping. Because the shooting did not go as intended, knives were used to stab the couple multiple times.
Andrew Wamsley was sentenced to life in prison for capital murder on March 9, 2006 and was incarcerated in a Tarrant County prison. He was 21 years old at the time of his sentence. Chelsea of Fort Worth was indicted for capital murder of which she refused to a plea bargain for a lighter sentence. Chelsea was the first woman to be sentenced to death in ((Tarrant County, Texas]] where she was initially incarcerated. She was only 21 years old at the time of her sentence. Chelsea's attorney is trying to get a new punishment hearing which would commute her sentence to life in prison. Susana Toledano pleaded guilty and received a life sentence for her role in the shootings. She testified against Chelsea Richardson in exchange for a life sentence. Otherwise she could have received the death penalty. Hilario Cardenas was charged with conspiracy to commit capital murder of which he entered an open plea of guilty and received a 50 year sentence of which he is appealing.
Andrew Wamsley was abetted by his girlfriend, Chelsea Lea Richardson and her roommate, Susana Toledano in the killings of his parents on December 11, 2003. Andrew Wamsley was motivated by a $1 million dollar insurance policy and the $1.65 million estate in Mansfield, Texas he was a beneficiary to with his sister, Sarah. Sarah Wamsley claims Andrew Wamsley wanted to murder her also, so that he would not have to split the estate. Andrew Wamsley and Chelsea Richardson encouraged Susana Toledano to shoot the Ramsley couple. The murder was clearly premeditated as the threesome were plottiing to kill the couple months before the murder and considered and attempted alternative methods to do the killings. The threesome befriended a manager of IHOP, Hilario Cardenas of whom conspired with them to carry out the murder. He ended up only providing a gun for the murders which he sold to Andrew Wamsley, and later he allegedly refused to help with the shootings. The youths had tried to murder the couple previously to December 11, 2003 by trying to destroy the brakes of their car and by shooting at them one night while they were driving their vehicle. After these plans did not work out, they decided to shoot them in the couple's estate while they were sleeping. Because the shooting did not go as intended, knives were used to stab the couple multiple times.
Andrew Wamsley was sentenced to life in prison for capital murder on March 9, 2006 and was incarcerated in a Tarrant County prison. He was 21 years old at the time of his sentence. Chelsea of Fort Worth was indicted for capital murder of which she refused to a plea bargain for a lighter sentence. Chelsea was the first woman to be sentenced to death in ((Tarrant County, Texas]] where she was initially incarcerated. She was only 21 years old at the time of her sentence. Chelsea's attorney is trying to get a new punishment hearing which would commute her sentence to life in prison. Susana Toledano pleaded guilty and received a life sentence for her role in the shootings. She testified against Chelsea Richardson in exchange for a life sentence. Otherwise she could have received the death penalty. Hilario Cardenas was charged with conspiracy to commit capital murder of which he entered an open plea of guilty and received a 50 year sentence of which he is appealing.