Customary Aboriginal law describes the legal practices of Aboriginal Australians before European colonisation. As the aboriginal people had no written language law was communicated via 'word of mouth'. Aboriginal law focuses on what is fair, although appearing unorganised and unreliable; it was actually quite an effective system in delivering justice, opportunity for compensation, and revenge.
The law system is deeply intertwined in their beliefs, culture, and traditions, and it sometimes can be difficult to differentiate one from the other. With so many different tribes and regions, there is no set Aboriginal law. Therefore, evidence regarding aboriginal law must be considered specific to that tribe or region and not Australia as a whole.
Although a majority did not, a small number of early European settlers interacted well with the local natives. The journals, diaries, and reports of these settlers are the most reliable evidence we can go by, along with the teaching passed on via word of mouth.
Marriage
Aborigines "were most strict and particular with regard to their marriage laws". Both contracting parties would not have any say in the matter, as they are arranged marriages. Often, at corrobborees a great "Turrwan" from one tribe may give his daughter in marriage to another "Turrwan" of another tribe. That "Turrwan" would then give his daughter in marriage in return.
If a couple were to run off 'in love', once caught, a tribal battle would result. If the girl's tribe won, then they would take her back and "she was beaten and cut about most frightfully almost killed, and the pair were separated, she being sent back to her parents". If the boy's tribe won he was allowed to keep her.
Tribal Land
There were regular conflicts between tribes over tribal land and hunting grounds. This would result in a battle between the two tribes at a "kippa-ring" or a preferred battle site. (The Roma Street Parklands of Brisbane was once a preferred battle site). Other tribes of the region would attend to guarantee a fair and just battle. Men and women would both battle in such a fight. There have been a few fights witnessed by early pioneers and they were most fierce.
Property
Sharing was fundamental within the tribe, however, a man could lay claim to a bon-yi (Bunya Pine) and a women a minti (Banksia aemula), dulandella (Persoonia Sp.), midyim (Myrtus tenuifolia), or dakkabin (Xanthorrhoea aborea) tree. Then a man sometimes owned a portion of the river which was a good fishing spot, and no one else could fish there without his permission.
The law system is deeply intertwined in their beliefs, culture, and traditions, and it sometimes can be difficult to differentiate one from the other. With so many different tribes and regions, there is no set Aboriginal law. Therefore, evidence regarding aboriginal law must be considered specific to that tribe or region and not Australia as a whole.
Although a majority did not, a small number of early European settlers interacted well with the local natives. The journals, diaries, and reports of these settlers are the most reliable evidence we can go by, along with the teaching passed on via word of mouth.
Marriage
Aborigines "were most strict and particular with regard to their marriage laws". Both contracting parties would not have any say in the matter, as they are arranged marriages. Often, at corrobborees a great "Turrwan" from one tribe may give his daughter in marriage to another "Turrwan" of another tribe. That "Turrwan" would then give his daughter in marriage in return.
If a couple were to run off 'in love', once caught, a tribal battle would result. If the girl's tribe won, then they would take her back and "she was beaten and cut about most frightfully almost killed, and the pair were separated, she being sent back to her parents". If the boy's tribe won he was allowed to keep her.
Tribal Land
There were regular conflicts between tribes over tribal land and hunting grounds. This would result in a battle between the two tribes at a "kippa-ring" or a preferred battle site. (The Roma Street Parklands of Brisbane was once a preferred battle site). Other tribes of the region would attend to guarantee a fair and just battle. Men and women would both battle in such a fight. There have been a few fights witnessed by early pioneers and they were most fierce.
Property
Sharing was fundamental within the tribe, however, a man could lay claim to a bon-yi (Bunya Pine) and a women a minti (Banksia aemula), dulandella (Persoonia Sp.), midyim (Myrtus tenuifolia), or dakkabin (Xanthorrhoea aborea) tree. Then a man sometimes owned a portion of the river which was a good fishing spot, and no one else could fish there without his permission.
Brotherhood Foundation was a hardcore/metal group from the Dutch city Tilburg that was active from 1991 until 1999.
Biography
Brotherhood Foundation was one of the pioneers of crossover hardcore and metal in the Netherlands. Some of the members such as Salfischberger, van de Wouw, and van Beurden had been been performing in Hardcore bands since the mid-1980s.
Early years: 1992-1993
Brotherhood Foundation formed in 1992. The band was originally composed of Van Fessem on back-up Vocals and percussion, Smit on vocals, Salfischberger on bass, Van Beurden on drums, and Sikkers on guitar. During this time they toured on the club circuit, and recorded their first demo, "The Dream Goes On". This demo was voted Demo of the Month by the largest metal magazine in Holland/Europe, Aardschok/Metal Hammer.
In 1993, Smit exited the band and Van Fessem took over the lead vocals. Van de Wouw , joined the band as a backup vocalist and percussionist. The band release a second demo, but were not signed to a record company.
In 1994, Van Beurden was replaced by Borchers. In addition, the band made it to the finals of the "RockBattle" organised by Dutch music Magazine WATT and the broadcast organization VERONICA. A fourth demo was recorded ("Elevator Music") and once again voted Demo of the Month in Aardschok/Metal Hammer magazine, and later won Demo of the Month in Music Maker magazine. Throughout 1994 and 1995, they opened for a variety of bands including Biohazard , B>Thong , CIV , Machinehead, Sick Of It All and Madball.
Later years: 1996-1999
The band released their first album, entitled Elevator Music independently in 1996. Throughout 1996 and 1997 they continued to open for a variety of bands, including Mucky Pup, Rykers, White Devil/Cro Mags, Ten Foot Pole, Deftones, DV8, Unsane, and Green Lizard. In June 1997, Sikkers left the band, and was replaced by Jolie who currently plays with the group Within Temptation.
The bands second album, Denying the truth...is denying the youth was also self-released, in 1998. Van de Wouw and Borchers left the band in 1998, with Borchers being replaced by Coolen. In 1999, the band split up, with three members (Salfischberger, van Fessum and Coolen) continuing together as Chillburn.
Reunion: 2011
Late 2010 the band announced on their webpage that several reunion shows will be held in April of 2011. These shows will take place in Belgium and Holland.The original recording line up consisting of: van de Wouw , van Fessem, Borchers, Salfishberger and Sikkers, was approached by the Belgium Groezrock festival organization to play their 20th anniversary. The group also decided to hold a show in their hometown of Tilburg.
Biography
Brotherhood Foundation was one of the pioneers of crossover hardcore and metal in the Netherlands. Some of the members such as Salfischberger, van de Wouw, and van Beurden had been been performing in Hardcore bands since the mid-1980s.
Early years: 1992-1993
Brotherhood Foundation formed in 1992. The band was originally composed of Van Fessem on back-up Vocals and percussion, Smit on vocals, Salfischberger on bass, Van Beurden on drums, and Sikkers on guitar. During this time they toured on the club circuit, and recorded their first demo, "The Dream Goes On". This demo was voted Demo of the Month by the largest metal magazine in Holland/Europe, Aardschok/Metal Hammer.
In 1993, Smit exited the band and Van Fessem took over the lead vocals. Van de Wouw , joined the band as a backup vocalist and percussionist. The band release a second demo, but were not signed to a record company.
In 1994, Van Beurden was replaced by Borchers. In addition, the band made it to the finals of the "RockBattle" organised by Dutch music Magazine WATT and the broadcast organization VERONICA. A fourth demo was recorded ("Elevator Music") and once again voted Demo of the Month in Aardschok/Metal Hammer magazine, and later won Demo of the Month in Music Maker magazine. Throughout 1994 and 1995, they opened for a variety of bands including Biohazard , B>Thong , CIV , Machinehead, Sick Of It All and Madball.
Later years: 1996-1999
The band released their first album, entitled Elevator Music independently in 1996. Throughout 1996 and 1997 they continued to open for a variety of bands, including Mucky Pup, Rykers, White Devil/Cro Mags, Ten Foot Pole, Deftones, DV8, Unsane, and Green Lizard. In June 1997, Sikkers left the band, and was replaced by Jolie who currently plays with the group Within Temptation.
The bands second album, Denying the truth...is denying the youth was also self-released, in 1998. Van de Wouw and Borchers left the band in 1998, with Borchers being replaced by Coolen. In 1999, the band split up, with three members (Salfischberger, van Fessum and Coolen) continuing together as Chillburn.
Reunion: 2011
Late 2010 the band announced on their webpage that several reunion shows will be held in April of 2011. These shows will take place in Belgium and Holland.The original recording line up consisting of: van de Wouw , van Fessem, Borchers, Salfishberger and Sikkers, was approached by the Belgium Groezrock festival organization to play their 20th anniversary. The group also decided to hold a show in their hometown of Tilburg.
Small-scale fishing is the colloquial term for intercepted cell phone communication. Although exact operating procedures remain classified in the United States, its existence has been widely reported based on public counter-terrorism fieldwork.
Technology applications
This method of interception is capable of detecting any cell phone with a powered battery, regardless of whether the phone appears on to the end user.
History
The existence of small-scale fishing has been well known in intelligence circles since it was originally developed in the 1980s, after being proposed at a conference of the IEEE. Osama bin Laden was reported to have been particularly paranoid about use of this technology for tracking, requiring couriers to travel up to from before placing a battery into an operating cell phone.
Technology applications
This method of interception is capable of detecting any cell phone with a powered battery, regardless of whether the phone appears on to the end user.
History
The existence of small-scale fishing has been well known in intelligence circles since it was originally developed in the 1980s, after being proposed at a conference of the IEEE. Osama bin Laden was reported to have been particularly paranoid about use of this technology for tracking, requiring couriers to travel up to from before placing a battery into an operating cell phone.
Paganistan is the generally accepted Pagan name for the Minnesota Twin Cities, which means 'The place where the Pagans live." The term was coined by linguist Steven Posch in 1989. Paganistan has one of the largest and most diverse Pagan populations in the United States.
History of Paganistan
In 1961, Llewellyn Worldwide, a new age publishing company which has grown into one of the largest Pagan-oriented businesses, moved to Saint Paul. In 1971, Llewellyn hosted the "First American Aquarian Festival of Astrology and the Occult Sciences" which went on to be known as Gnosticon. Llewellyn's publications and Gnosticon drew more attention to Witchcraft, contemporary Paganism, and their connection to the Twin Cities. This led to the creation of the American Council of Witches
In 1979, Evenstar Books opened. This metaphysical shop became a center of Pagan activities for almost 30 years, and is the direct predecessor of the Sacred Paths Center.
In 1995, The first Coffee Cauldron was held. This was a monthly gathering of Pagans which has become semi-monthly, and extremely popular. It now stands as the longest running regular gathering in Paganistan.
The New Alexandria Library opened in 2000 as a subscription library. It was a subsidiary of the Wiccan Church of Minnesota. Its stated purpose was "to create an archive that preserves our Pagan history, culture, and heritage, to ensure community access to hard-to-find and out-of-print materials, to provide access to a wide range of information and training materials, and to serve as a center of studies and research for scholars of Neo-Paganism." The library quickly became a center for Paganistani activity. For financial reasons, the library closed its doors in July 2004
The Paganistani Community
Generally regarded as having the second largest Pagan population in America after San Francisco, Paganistan can claim many significant community aspects.
Paganistan is the subject of a scholarly work by Doctor of Anthropology Murphy Pizza. The Sacred Paths Center, opened March 13, 2009, is the only full-time non-profit Pagan community center in the United States. Paganistan Weekly is a newsletter filled with information about this community which has been published since March 9, 2009 by JRob Zetelumen. The Upper Midwest Pagan Alliance adopted a stretch of Highway in 2008, and Pagan volunteers keep it clean. The first bureau for the Pagan Newswire Collective was formed in Paganistan.
In the Heart of the Beast May Day celebration is held every year since 1975 on the Sunday nearest to Mayday. Although the celebration is not officially Pagan, the Pagan themes of the celebration are undeniable.
Paganistan is home to five metaphysical shops. Magus Books and Herbs opened in 1992 and is recognized throughout the nation as a significant occult book seller. The Eye of Horus opened in 2003, and hosts one of the top metaphysical on-line stores. The Sacred Paths Center gift shop gained its initial stock of merchandise from the closing of Evenstar which had opened in 1979. Keys of Paradise celebrated its grand opening in 2011 after its founding as an online retailer and natural products manufacturer in early 2009.
Local Elder Ken Ra suffered a kidney failure. The Paganistan community held a fund raiser to help him through a difficult time. A local Pagan stepped up to donate a kidney.
Active Paganistani Groups
One of the innovative aspects of Paganistan is the high occurrence of poly-affiliation. It is not uncommon for local Pagans to be actively involved in two or more groups.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Here are some of the more prominent groups currently active in Paganistan, organized chronologically. This is not a comprehensive list of covens or other pagan bodies of worship in the area.
History of Paganistan
In 1961, Llewellyn Worldwide, a new age publishing company which has grown into one of the largest Pagan-oriented businesses, moved to Saint Paul. In 1971, Llewellyn hosted the "First American Aquarian Festival of Astrology and the Occult Sciences" which went on to be known as Gnosticon. Llewellyn's publications and Gnosticon drew more attention to Witchcraft, contemporary Paganism, and their connection to the Twin Cities. This led to the creation of the American Council of Witches
In 1979, Evenstar Books opened. This metaphysical shop became a center of Pagan activities for almost 30 years, and is the direct predecessor of the Sacred Paths Center.
In 1995, The first Coffee Cauldron was held. This was a monthly gathering of Pagans which has become semi-monthly, and extremely popular. It now stands as the longest running regular gathering in Paganistan.
The New Alexandria Library opened in 2000 as a subscription library. It was a subsidiary of the Wiccan Church of Minnesota. Its stated purpose was "to create an archive that preserves our Pagan history, culture, and heritage, to ensure community access to hard-to-find and out-of-print materials, to provide access to a wide range of information and training materials, and to serve as a center of studies and research for scholars of Neo-Paganism." The library quickly became a center for Paganistani activity. For financial reasons, the library closed its doors in July 2004
The Paganistani Community
Generally regarded as having the second largest Pagan population in America after San Francisco, Paganistan can claim many significant community aspects.
Paganistan is the subject of a scholarly work by Doctor of Anthropology Murphy Pizza. The Sacred Paths Center, opened March 13, 2009, is the only full-time non-profit Pagan community center in the United States. Paganistan Weekly is a newsletter filled with information about this community which has been published since March 9, 2009 by JRob Zetelumen. The Upper Midwest Pagan Alliance adopted a stretch of Highway in 2008, and Pagan volunteers keep it clean. The first bureau for the Pagan Newswire Collective was formed in Paganistan.
In the Heart of the Beast May Day celebration is held every year since 1975 on the Sunday nearest to Mayday. Although the celebration is not officially Pagan, the Pagan themes of the celebration are undeniable.
Paganistan is home to five metaphysical shops. Magus Books and Herbs opened in 1992 and is recognized throughout the nation as a significant occult book seller. The Eye of Horus opened in 2003, and hosts one of the top metaphysical on-line stores. The Sacred Paths Center gift shop gained its initial stock of merchandise from the closing of Evenstar which had opened in 1979. Keys of Paradise celebrated its grand opening in 2011 after its founding as an online retailer and natural products manufacturer in early 2009.
Local Elder Ken Ra suffered a kidney failure. The Paganistan community held a fund raiser to help him through a difficult time. A local Pagan stepped up to donate a kidney.
Active Paganistani Groups
One of the innovative aspects of Paganistan is the high occurrence of poly-affiliation. It is not uncommon for local Pagans to be actively involved in two or more groups.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Here are some of the more prominent groups currently active in Paganistan, organized chronologically. This is not a comprehensive list of covens or other pagan bodies of worship in the area.