This is a list of scientists who have made statements that conflict with the scientific consensus on global warming as summarized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and endorsed by other scientific bodies. A minority are climatologists.
Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97-98% The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the past century. Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows:
# The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 °C since the late 19th century, and 0.17 °C per decade in the years 1971-2001.
# "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities", in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
# If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue, with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 °C to 5.8 °C between 1990 and 2100. Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise. The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming.
These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous. The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.
There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists, including a 2008 US senate minority report, the Oregon Petition, and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute, all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds.
For the purpose of this list, a "scientist" is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences, although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology. Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, each has made a clear statement in his or her own words (as opposed to the name being found on a petition, etc.) disagreeing with one or more of the report's three main conclusions, and each has been described in reliable sources as a climate skeptic, denier, or in disagreement with any of the three main conclusions. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles. Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature; most are from other sources such as interviews, opinion pieces, online essays and presentations.
Nota bene: Only individuals who have their own article may be included in the list.
Scientists questioning the accuracy of IPCC climate projections
These scientists have said that it is not possible to project global climate accurately enough to justify the ranges projected for temperature and sea-level rise over the 21st century. They may not conclude specifically that the current IPCC projections are either too high or too low, but that the projections are likely to be inaccurate due to inadequacies of current global climate modeling.
* Garth Paltridge, retired chief research scientist, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research and retired director of the Institute of the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, visiting fellow Australian National University.
* Susan Crockford, Zoologist, adjunct professor in Anthropology at the University of Victoria.
* Ross McKitrick, professor of economics and CBE chair in sustainable commerce, University of Guelph.
* Patrick Moore, former president of Greenpeace Canada.
* Denis Rancourt, former professor of physics at University of Ottawa, research scientist in condensed matter physics, and in environmental and soil science.
* Fritz Vahrenholt, German politician and energy executive with a doctorate in chemistry.
* Hendrik Tennekes, retired director of research, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute.
* Ivar Giaever, Norwegian-American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics (1973).
* Steven E. Koonin, theoretical physicist and director of the Center for Urban Science and Progress at New York University.
* Nils-Axel Mörner, retired head of the Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics Department at Stockholm University, former chairman of the INQUA Commission on Sea Level Changes and Coastal Evolution (1999-2003).
* Peter Stilbs, professor of physical chemistry at Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
* David Bellamy, botanist.
* Lennart Bengtsson, meteorologist, Reading University.
* Piers Corbyn, owner of the business WeatherAction which makes weather forecasts.
* Michael J. Kelly, Prince Phillip Professor of Technology at the Department of Engineering, Cambridge University.
* Philip Stott, professor emeritus of biogeography at the University of London.
* Judith Curry, professor and former chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
* Robert E. Davis, Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia.
*Joseph D'Aleo, past Chairman American Meteorological Society's Committee on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, former Professor of Meteorology, Lyndon State College.
* Freeman Dyson, professor emeritus of the School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study; Fellow of the Royal Society.
* Richard Lindzen, Alfred P. Sloan emeritus professor of atmospheric science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and member of the National Academy of Sciences.
* Craig Loehle, ecologist and chief scientist at the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement.
* Harrison Schmitt, geologist, Apollo 17 astronaut, former US senator.
* Anastasios Tsonis, distinguished professor of atmospheric science at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Scientists arguing that global warming is primarily caused by natural processes
These scientists have said that the observed warming is more likely to be attributable to natural causes, rather than to human activities. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles.
* William Kininmonth, meteorologist, former Australian delegate to World Meteorological Organization Commission for Climatology.
* Jennifer Marohasy, an Australian biologist, former director of the Australian Environment Foundation.
* Ian Plimer, professor emeritus of mining geology, the University of Adelaide.
* Timothy Ball, historical climatologist, and retired professor of geography at the University of Winnipeg.
* Ian Clark, hydrogeologist, professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa.
* Tad Murty, oceanographer; adjunct professor, Departments of Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa.
* Tim Patterson, paleoclimatologist and professor of geology at Carleton University in Canada.
* Jan Veizer, environmental geochemist, professor emeritus from University of Ottawa.
* Henrik Svensmark, physicist, Danish National Space Center.
* Vincent Courtillot, geophysicist, member of the French Academy of Sciences.
* Nir Shaviv, professor of physics focusing on astrophysics and climate science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
* Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera, Theoretical Physicist and Researcher, Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
* Doug Edmeades, soil scientist, officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit.
* Ole Humlum, professor of geology at the University of Oslo.
* Khabibullo Abdusamatov, astrophysicist at Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
* Wibjörn Karlén, professor emeritus of geography and geology at the University of Stockholm.
* Tom Segalstad, geologist; associate professor at University of Oslo.
* Sallie Baliunas, retired astrophysicist, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
* David Douglass, solid-state physicist, professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester.
* Don Easterbrook, emeritus professor of geology, Western Washington University.
* William Happer, physicist specializing in optics and spectroscopy; emeritus professor, Princeton University.
* David Legates, associate professor of geography and director of the Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware.
* Anthony Lupo, professor of atmospheric science at the University of Missouri.
* Arthur B. Robinson, American politician, biochemist and former faculty member at the University of California, San Diego.
* Murry Salby, atmospheric scientist, former professor at Macquarie University and University of Colorado.
* Nicola Scafetta, research scientist in the physics department at Duke University.
* Fred Singer, professor emeritus of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia.
* Willie Soon, astrophysicist, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
* Roy Spencer, meteorologist; principal research scientist, University of Alabama in Huntsville.
* George H. Taylor, retired director of the Oregon Climate Service at Oregon State University.
Scientists arguing that the cause of global warming is unknown
These scientists have said that no principal cause can be ascribed to the observed rising temperatures, whether man-made or natural.
* Claude Allègre, French politician; geochemist, emeritus professor at Institute of Geophysics (Paris).
* Antonino Zichichi, emeritus professor of nuclear physics at the University of Bologna and president of the World Federation of Scientists.
* Pål Brekke, solar astrophysicist, senior advisor Norwegian Space Centre.
* Syun-Ichi Akasofu, retired professor of geophysics and founding director of the International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
* Robert Balling, a professor of geography at Arizona State University.
* John Christy, professor of atmospheric science and director of the Earth System Science Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, contributor to several IPCC reports.
* Petr Chylek, space and remote sensing sciences researcher, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
* David Deming, geology professor at the University of Oklahoma.
* Stanley B. Goldenberg a meteorologist with NOAA/AOML's Hurricane Research Division.
* Keith E. Idso, botanist, former adjunct professor of biology at Maricopa County Community College District and the vice president of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change.
* Kary Mullis, 1993 Nobel laureate in chemistry, inventor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
Scientists arguing that global warming will have few negative consequences
These scientists have said that projected rising temperatures will be of little impact or a net positive for society or the environment.
* Indur M. Goklany, electrical engineer, science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior.
* Craig D. Idso, geographer, faculty researcher, Office of Climatology, Arizona State University and founder of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change.
* Sherwood B. Idso, former research physicist, USDA Water Conservation Laboratory, and adjunct professor, Arizona State University.
* Patrick Michaels, senior fellow at the Cato Institute and retired research professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Deceased scientists
These scientists published material indicating their opposition to the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming prior to their deaths.
* August H. "Augie" Auer Jr. (1940-2007), retired New Zealand MetService meteorologist and past professor of atmospheric science at the University of Wyoming.
* Reid Bryson (1920-2008), emeritus professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
* Robert M. Carter (1942-2016), former head of the School of Earth Sciences at James Cook University.
* Chris de Freitas (1948-2017), associate professor, School of Geography, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Auckland.
* Vincent R. Gray (1922-2018), New Zealand physical chemist with expertise in coal ashes.
* William M. Gray (1929-2016), professor emeritus and head of the Tropical Meteorology Project, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University.
* Yuri Izrael (1930-2014), former chairman, Committee for Hydrometeorology (USSR); former director, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology (Russian Academy of Science); vice-chairman of IPCC, 2001-2007.
* Robert Jastrow (1925-2008), American astronomer, physicist, cosmologist and leading NASA scientist who, together with Fred Seitz and William Nierenberg, established the George C. Marshall Institute.
* (1923-2011), emeritus professor of physics and former department chairman at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
* Frederick Seitz (1911-2008), solid-state physicist, former president of the National Academy of Sciences and co-founder of the George C. Marshall Institute in 1984.
Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97-98% The scientific consensus is that the global average surface temperature has risen over the past century. Scientific opinion on climate change was summarized in the 2001 Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The main conclusions on global warming at that time were as follows:
# The global average surface temperature has risen 0.6 ± 0.2 °C since the late 19th century, and 0.17 °C per decade in the years 1971-2001.
# "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities", in particular emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane.
# If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue, with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4 °C to 5.8 °C between 1990 and 2100. Accompanying this temperature increase will be increases in some types of extreme weather and a projected sea level rise. The balance of impacts of global warming become significantly negative at larger values of warming.
These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all the major industrialized nations; the consensus has strengthened over time and is now virtually unanimous. The level of consensus correlates with expertise in climate science.
There have been several efforts to compile lists of dissenting scientists, including a 2008 US senate minority report, the Oregon Petition, and a 2007 list by the Heartland Institute, all three of which have been criticized on a number of grounds.
For the purpose of this list, a "scientist" is defined as an individual who has published at least one peer-reviewed research article in the broad field of natural sciences, although not necessarily in a field relevant to climatology. Since the publication of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, each has made a clear statement in his or her own words (as opposed to the name being found on a petition, etc.) disagreeing with one or more of the report's three main conclusions, and each has been described in reliable sources as a climate skeptic, denier, or in disagreement with any of the three main conclusions. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles. Few of the statements in the references for this list are part of the peer-reviewed scientific literature; most are from other sources such as interviews, opinion pieces, online essays and presentations.
Nota bene: Only individuals who have their own article may be included in the list.
Scientists questioning the accuracy of IPCC climate projections
These scientists have said that it is not possible to project global climate accurately enough to justify the ranges projected for temperature and sea-level rise over the 21st century. They may not conclude specifically that the current IPCC projections are either too high or too low, but that the projections are likely to be inaccurate due to inadequacies of current global climate modeling.
* Garth Paltridge, retired chief research scientist, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research and retired director of the Institute of the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre, visiting fellow Australian National University.
* Susan Crockford, Zoologist, adjunct professor in Anthropology at the University of Victoria.
* Ross McKitrick, professor of economics and CBE chair in sustainable commerce, University of Guelph.
* Patrick Moore, former president of Greenpeace Canada.
* Denis Rancourt, former professor of physics at University of Ottawa, research scientist in condensed matter physics, and in environmental and soil science.
* Fritz Vahrenholt, German politician and energy executive with a doctorate in chemistry.
* Hendrik Tennekes, retired director of research, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute.
* Ivar Giaever, Norwegian-American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics (1973).
* Steven E. Koonin, theoretical physicist and director of the Center for Urban Science and Progress at New York University.
* Nils-Axel Mörner, retired head of the Paleogeophysics and Geodynamics Department at Stockholm University, former chairman of the INQUA Commission on Sea Level Changes and Coastal Evolution (1999-2003).
* Peter Stilbs, professor of physical chemistry at Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
* David Bellamy, botanist.
* Lennart Bengtsson, meteorologist, Reading University.
* Piers Corbyn, owner of the business WeatherAction which makes weather forecasts.
* Michael J. Kelly, Prince Phillip Professor of Technology at the Department of Engineering, Cambridge University.
* Philip Stott, professor emeritus of biogeography at the University of London.
* Judith Curry, professor and former chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
* Robert E. Davis, Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia.
*Joseph D'Aleo, past Chairman American Meteorological Society's Committee on Weather Analysis and Forecasting, former Professor of Meteorology, Lyndon State College.
* Freeman Dyson, professor emeritus of the School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study; Fellow of the Royal Society.
* Richard Lindzen, Alfred P. Sloan emeritus professor of atmospheric science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and member of the National Academy of Sciences.
* Craig Loehle, ecologist and chief scientist at the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement.
* Harrison Schmitt, geologist, Apollo 17 astronaut, former US senator.
* Anastasios Tsonis, distinguished professor of atmospheric science at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Scientists arguing that global warming is primarily caused by natural processes
These scientists have said that the observed warming is more likely to be attributable to natural causes, rather than to human activities. Their views on climate change are usually described in more detail in their biographical articles.
* William Kininmonth, meteorologist, former Australian delegate to World Meteorological Organization Commission for Climatology.
* Jennifer Marohasy, an Australian biologist, former director of the Australian Environment Foundation.
* Ian Plimer, professor emeritus of mining geology, the University of Adelaide.
* Timothy Ball, historical climatologist, and retired professor of geography at the University of Winnipeg.
* Ian Clark, hydrogeologist, professor, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa.
* Tad Murty, oceanographer; adjunct professor, Departments of Civil Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa.
* Tim Patterson, paleoclimatologist and professor of geology at Carleton University in Canada.
* Jan Veizer, environmental geochemist, professor emeritus from University of Ottawa.
* Henrik Svensmark, physicist, Danish National Space Center.
* Vincent Courtillot, geophysicist, member of the French Academy of Sciences.
* Nir Shaviv, professor of physics focusing on astrophysics and climate science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
* Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera, Theoretical Physicist and Researcher, Institute of Geophysics of the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
* Doug Edmeades, soil scientist, officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit.
* Ole Humlum, professor of geology at the University of Oslo.
* Khabibullo Abdusamatov, astrophysicist at Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
* Wibjörn Karlén, professor emeritus of geography and geology at the University of Stockholm.
* Tom Segalstad, geologist; associate professor at University of Oslo.
* Sallie Baliunas, retired astrophysicist, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
* David Douglass, solid-state physicist, professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester.
* Don Easterbrook, emeritus professor of geology, Western Washington University.
* William Happer, physicist specializing in optics and spectroscopy; emeritus professor, Princeton University.
* David Legates, associate professor of geography and director of the Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware.
* Anthony Lupo, professor of atmospheric science at the University of Missouri.
* Arthur B. Robinson, American politician, biochemist and former faculty member at the University of California, San Diego.
* Murry Salby, atmospheric scientist, former professor at Macquarie University and University of Colorado.
* Nicola Scafetta, research scientist in the physics department at Duke University.
* Fred Singer, professor emeritus of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia.
* Willie Soon, astrophysicist, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
* Roy Spencer, meteorologist; principal research scientist, University of Alabama in Huntsville.
* George H. Taylor, retired director of the Oregon Climate Service at Oregon State University.
Scientists arguing that the cause of global warming is unknown
These scientists have said that no principal cause can be ascribed to the observed rising temperatures, whether man-made or natural.
* Claude Allègre, French politician; geochemist, emeritus professor at Institute of Geophysics (Paris).
* Antonino Zichichi, emeritus professor of nuclear physics at the University of Bologna and president of the World Federation of Scientists.
* Pål Brekke, solar astrophysicist, senior advisor Norwegian Space Centre.
* Syun-Ichi Akasofu, retired professor of geophysics and founding director of the International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
* Robert Balling, a professor of geography at Arizona State University.
* John Christy, professor of atmospheric science and director of the Earth System Science Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, contributor to several IPCC reports.
* Petr Chylek, space and remote sensing sciences researcher, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
* David Deming, geology professor at the University of Oklahoma.
* Stanley B. Goldenberg a meteorologist with NOAA/AOML's Hurricane Research Division.
* Keith E. Idso, botanist, former adjunct professor of biology at Maricopa County Community College District and the vice president of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change.
* Kary Mullis, 1993 Nobel laureate in chemistry, inventor of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
Scientists arguing that global warming will have few negative consequences
These scientists have said that projected rising temperatures will be of little impact or a net positive for society or the environment.
* Indur M. Goklany, electrical engineer, science and technology policy analyst for the United States Department of the Interior.
* Craig D. Idso, geographer, faculty researcher, Office of Climatology, Arizona State University and founder of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change.
* Sherwood B. Idso, former research physicist, USDA Water Conservation Laboratory, and adjunct professor, Arizona State University.
* Patrick Michaels, senior fellow at the Cato Institute and retired research professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Deceased scientists
These scientists published material indicating their opposition to the mainstream scientific assessment of global warming prior to their deaths.
* August H. "Augie" Auer Jr. (1940-2007), retired New Zealand MetService meteorologist and past professor of atmospheric science at the University of Wyoming.
* Reid Bryson (1920-2008), emeritus professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
* Robert M. Carter (1942-2016), former head of the School of Earth Sciences at James Cook University.
* Chris de Freitas (1948-2017), associate professor, School of Geography, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Auckland.
* Vincent R. Gray (1922-2018), New Zealand physical chemist with expertise in coal ashes.
* William M. Gray (1929-2016), professor emeritus and head of the Tropical Meteorology Project, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University.
* Yuri Izrael (1930-2014), former chairman, Committee for Hydrometeorology (USSR); former director, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology (Russian Academy of Science); vice-chairman of IPCC, 2001-2007.
* Robert Jastrow (1925-2008), American astronomer, physicist, cosmologist and leading NASA scientist who, together with Fred Seitz and William Nierenberg, established the George C. Marshall Institute.
* (1923-2011), emeritus professor of physics and former department chairman at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
* Frederick Seitz (1911-2008), solid-state physicist, former president of the National Academy of Sciences and co-founder of the George C. Marshall Institute in 1984.
"Tequila Mockingbird" is an instrumental song and the title track of the Billboard chart album by jazz pianist Ramsey Lewis. The song is composed and produced by Larry Dunn. It was released as a 7" single in 1977 on Columbia Records. "Tequila Mockingbird" features Earth, Wind and Fire members Al McKay and Johnny Graham on guitars and bassist Verdine White.
The original "Tequila Mockingbird" track recorded by Ramsey Lewis appears on numerous Ramsey Lewis compilation albums and has been re-recorded with varying arrangements by Lewis on later albums.
Dee Dee Bridgewater recorded a vocal version of "Tequila Mockingbird", with lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman, on Bridgewater's 1979 "Bad for Me" album.
Overview
"Tequila Mockingbird" was produced and composed by Larry Dunn. The song appears on Ramsey Lewis's 1977 album Tequila Mockingbird. In a performance at Ronnie Scott's, London, in 2017, Ramsey Lewis explains how the title for the song came about, saying the label named it.
Lewis has revisited and rearranged “Tequila Mockingbird" on several later recordings including his album "Ivory Pyramid" released in 1992 on GRP and "Ramsey Lewis & Urban Knights VII released September 2019.
Live Performances
Ramsey Lewis has continued to feature "Tequila Mockingbird" in his live shows for over 40 years.
Television uses
May 14, 2019, The Roots performed a live cover version of "Tequila Mockingbird" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon as Jeff Daniels came out to take the guest seat.
Dee Dee Bridgewater version with lyrics
In 1979, Dee Dee Bridgewater recorded a version of "Tequila Mockingbird" with lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman produced by George Duke. It was included on Bridgewater's 1979 "Bad For Me" album. Larry Dunn played keyboards and moog synthesizer. The horns were arranged by Eduardo del Barrio and recorded at The Record Plant.
Compilation records and Cover versions
"Tequila Mockingbird" was covered by the Japanese vocal group ITS (Izumi Kimoto, Teruhisa Tohgoh, and Sumie Shima) on their album "Rainbow", released in Japan by JVC in 1980. It was produced by Akira Taguchi, a Japanese studio veteran and jazz aficionado on the staff of JVC.
"Tequila Mockingbird" original and remake recordings by Ramsey Lewis and Dee Dee Bridgewater have been included on numerous albums and compilations. In 2012, Expansion Records released "Wonderland - The Spirit of Earth, Wind & Fire" with Dee Dee Bridgewater's recording of "Tequila Mockingbird" as the first track.Tequila Mockingbird also appeared on a 2009 compilation album "Only The Best of Dee Dee Bridgewater.
*Ramsey Lewis - The Best of Ramsey Lewis, 1981, CBS Records
*Ramsey Lewis - The Electric Collection, 1981, Columbia
*Ramsey Lewis - Ivory Pyramid, 1992, GRP (Cover Version)
*Ramsey Lewis - I Love a Piano: GRP Gold Encore Series, 1993, GRP
*Ramsey Lewis - Classic Jazz-Funk, Vol. 7, Mastercuts
*Dee Dee Bridgewater - Wonderland - The Spirit of Earth, Wind & Fire, 2012, Expansion Records
*Dee Dee Bridgewater - Only The Best of Dee Dee Bridgewater
Critical reception
From an album review of Ramsey Lewis "Tequila Mockingbird" in Cashbox, December 10, 1977: "The title track is a funky jump which features lead trade-offs between Lewis and Ronnie Laws on soprano sax."
Smooth Jazz Magazine review of Ramsey Lewis & Urban Knights VII wrote: "The album revisits what is possibly his most famous tune, "Tequila Mockingbird."
John Fordham of The Guardian wrote of Ramsey Lewis' performance of "Tequila Mockingbird" at Ronnie Scott's, London:
"Lewis had a close connection with African American superstars Earth, Wind & Fire in the 70s. He soon reminds his audience of those collaborations with an account of Tequila Mockingbird (“The label named it,” he announces mock apologetically) in which the Wes Montgomery-like guitarist Henry Johnson and bassist Joshua Ramos set up an infectiously chugging unison hook cushioning a bright Latin-chordal piano melody, while synth player Tim Gant softly mimics a soul-jazz horn section on the accents. Lewis improvises unaccompanied in delicate treble twists, chord-punching rhythm patterns and wry trills before the band clamours back into the hook." - June 30, 2017
Jazztimes review of the re-recording of "Tequila Mockingbird" on Ramsey Lewis & Urban Knights VII wrote: "This is the first recording for Lewis since his abrupt retirement in 2018, followed by an equally abrupt un-retirement. Listening to VII, it’s clear why he chose this group for his return to music. An infectious joy extends from every instrument in their reworking of his “Tequila Mockingbird,” ushered in by Charles Heath’s carnival-worthy marching drum line. As Lewis lays down the lightly swinging rumba groove, keyboardist Tim Gant chimes in with synthesizers above like a celestial fanfare. Henry Johnson drives the band here and elsewhere with ringing, rapid-fire scratch rhythm guitar."
UKVibe.org wrote of the album and song "Commercial success was almost guaranteed with the release of ‘Tequila Mockingbird’ (1977), that has the Earth, Wind and Fire imprint all over it, and the horn production of Eddie del Barrio as well as several musicians of that group in the main body of instrumentation. The mid-tempo, ‘Skippin’, with the use of light flute and brass, and the title track both echo the Earth, Wind and Fire trademark sound..."
The original "Tequila Mockingbird" track recorded by Ramsey Lewis appears on numerous Ramsey Lewis compilation albums and has been re-recorded with varying arrangements by Lewis on later albums.
Dee Dee Bridgewater recorded a vocal version of "Tequila Mockingbird", with lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman, on Bridgewater's 1979 "Bad for Me" album.
Overview
"Tequila Mockingbird" was produced and composed by Larry Dunn. The song appears on Ramsey Lewis's 1977 album Tequila Mockingbird. In a performance at Ronnie Scott's, London, in 2017, Ramsey Lewis explains how the title for the song came about, saying the label named it.
Lewis has revisited and rearranged “Tequila Mockingbird" on several later recordings including his album "Ivory Pyramid" released in 1992 on GRP and "Ramsey Lewis & Urban Knights VII released September 2019.
Live Performances
Ramsey Lewis has continued to feature "Tequila Mockingbird" in his live shows for over 40 years.
Television uses
May 14, 2019, The Roots performed a live cover version of "Tequila Mockingbird" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon as Jeff Daniels came out to take the guest seat.
Dee Dee Bridgewater version with lyrics
In 1979, Dee Dee Bridgewater recorded a version of "Tequila Mockingbird" with lyrics written by Roxanne Seeman produced by George Duke. It was included on Bridgewater's 1979 "Bad For Me" album. Larry Dunn played keyboards and moog synthesizer. The horns were arranged by Eduardo del Barrio and recorded at The Record Plant.
Compilation records and Cover versions
"Tequila Mockingbird" was covered by the Japanese vocal group ITS (Izumi Kimoto, Teruhisa Tohgoh, and Sumie Shima) on their album "Rainbow", released in Japan by JVC in 1980. It was produced by Akira Taguchi, a Japanese studio veteran and jazz aficionado on the staff of JVC.
"Tequila Mockingbird" original and remake recordings by Ramsey Lewis and Dee Dee Bridgewater have been included on numerous albums and compilations. In 2012, Expansion Records released "Wonderland - The Spirit of Earth, Wind & Fire" with Dee Dee Bridgewater's recording of "Tequila Mockingbird" as the first track.Tequila Mockingbird also appeared on a 2009 compilation album "Only The Best of Dee Dee Bridgewater.
*Ramsey Lewis - The Best of Ramsey Lewis, 1981, CBS Records
*Ramsey Lewis - The Electric Collection, 1981, Columbia
*Ramsey Lewis - Ivory Pyramid, 1992, GRP (Cover Version)
*Ramsey Lewis - I Love a Piano: GRP Gold Encore Series, 1993, GRP
*Ramsey Lewis - Classic Jazz-Funk, Vol. 7, Mastercuts
*Dee Dee Bridgewater - Wonderland - The Spirit of Earth, Wind & Fire, 2012, Expansion Records
*Dee Dee Bridgewater - Only The Best of Dee Dee Bridgewater
Critical reception
From an album review of Ramsey Lewis "Tequila Mockingbird" in Cashbox, December 10, 1977: "The title track is a funky jump which features lead trade-offs between Lewis and Ronnie Laws on soprano sax."
Smooth Jazz Magazine review of Ramsey Lewis & Urban Knights VII wrote: "The album revisits what is possibly his most famous tune, "Tequila Mockingbird."
John Fordham of The Guardian wrote of Ramsey Lewis' performance of "Tequila Mockingbird" at Ronnie Scott's, London:
"Lewis had a close connection with African American superstars Earth, Wind & Fire in the 70s. He soon reminds his audience of those collaborations with an account of Tequila Mockingbird (“The label named it,” he announces mock apologetically) in which the Wes Montgomery-like guitarist Henry Johnson and bassist Joshua Ramos set up an infectiously chugging unison hook cushioning a bright Latin-chordal piano melody, while synth player Tim Gant softly mimics a soul-jazz horn section on the accents. Lewis improvises unaccompanied in delicate treble twists, chord-punching rhythm patterns and wry trills before the band clamours back into the hook." - June 30, 2017
Jazztimes review of the re-recording of "Tequila Mockingbird" on Ramsey Lewis & Urban Knights VII wrote: "This is the first recording for Lewis since his abrupt retirement in 2018, followed by an equally abrupt un-retirement. Listening to VII, it’s clear why he chose this group for his return to music. An infectious joy extends from every instrument in their reworking of his “Tequila Mockingbird,” ushered in by Charles Heath’s carnival-worthy marching drum line. As Lewis lays down the lightly swinging rumba groove, keyboardist Tim Gant chimes in with synthesizers above like a celestial fanfare. Henry Johnson drives the band here and elsewhere with ringing, rapid-fire scratch rhythm guitar."
UKVibe.org wrote of the album and song "Commercial success was almost guaranteed with the release of ‘Tequila Mockingbird’ (1977), that has the Earth, Wind and Fire imprint all over it, and the horn production of Eddie del Barrio as well as several musicians of that group in the main body of instrumentation. The mid-tempo, ‘Skippin’, with the use of light flute and brass, and the title track both echo the Earth, Wind and Fire trademark sound..."
Ronald Earl Stewart (July 31, 1941 - April 19, 2013) was a retired Senior Master Sergeant in the US Air Force.
Early life
After high school in 1959, Ronald E. Stewart left his hometown of Gadsden, Alabama, to join the Air Force where he completed his basic training at Lack land AFB in San Antonio, Texas. Upon approval, he was sent to Good fellow AFB in San Angelo, Texas, to attend the Air Force cryptographic sciences school.
Awards and achievements
# Defense Meritorious Service Medal
# Air Medal
# Air force Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters
# Presidential Unit Citation
# AF Outstanding Unit Award with one oak leaf cluster
# Good conduct medal with five oak leaf clusters
# Army good conduct medal
# Army good conduct medal
# National Defense Service Medal
# Vietnam Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
Retirement
Ronald E. Stewart was retired in 1983 as a senior master sergeant. Upon his retirement, he moved to Virginia Beach, VA, with his family. Then he relocated to Silicon Valley, CA, where he worked for Dow Jones Wall Street Journal as a computer operator. Upon retirement from the company, he returned to Huntsville, Alabama until he passed away.
Early life
After high school in 1959, Ronald E. Stewart left his hometown of Gadsden, Alabama, to join the Air Force where he completed his basic training at Lack land AFB in San Antonio, Texas. Upon approval, he was sent to Good fellow AFB in San Angelo, Texas, to attend the Air Force cryptographic sciences school.
Awards and achievements
# Defense Meritorious Service Medal
# Air Medal
# Air force Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters
# Presidential Unit Citation
# AF Outstanding Unit Award with one oak leaf cluster
# Good conduct medal with five oak leaf clusters
# Army good conduct medal
# Army good conduct medal
# National Defense Service Medal
# Vietnam Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
Retirement
Ronald E. Stewart was retired in 1983 as a senior master sergeant. Upon his retirement, he moved to Virginia Beach, VA, with his family. Then he relocated to Silicon Valley, CA, where he worked for Dow Jones Wall Street Journal as a computer operator. Upon retirement from the company, he returned to Huntsville, Alabama until he passed away.
The Institute for Sustainable Energy at Eastern Connecticut State University was established in 2001 to identify, develop, and implement the means for achieving a sustainable energy future. The Institute focuses on matters relating to energy education, energy policy, efficiency conservation and load management, renewable energy, distributed generation, protection of environmental resources, and the dissemination of useful information on energy alternatives and sustainability to users and providers of energy. The Institute adds an unbiased focus on practical applications and dissemination of information about how to improve the energy profile and sustainability of Connecticut and the region.
The Institute is funded and supported by the Connecticut Energy Efficiency Fund through the Energy Conservation Management Board and the Department of Public Utility Control. The Institute also receives grants, conference sponsorships, donations, contracts, and payments for services from organizations, including the US EPA, US DOE, CT Office of Policy and Management, CT Department of Environmental Protection, the CT Clean Energy Fund, and the CT Green Building Council. The current director of the Institute is William Leahy.
As of January 1, 2009, the Connecticut State Building Code shall require that any (1) building, except a residential building with no more than four units, constructed after January 1, 2009, that is projected to cost not less than five million dollars, and (2) renovation to any building, except a residential building with no more than four units, started after January 1, 2010, that is projected to cost not less than two million dollars must receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver rating or higher. The Institute for Sustainable Energy will be the sole entity responsible for providing exemptions to this new CT Building Code requirement.
The Institute is funded and supported by the Connecticut Energy Efficiency Fund through the Energy Conservation Management Board and the Department of Public Utility Control. The Institute also receives grants, conference sponsorships, donations, contracts, and payments for services from organizations, including the US EPA, US DOE, CT Office of Policy and Management, CT Department of Environmental Protection, the CT Clean Energy Fund, and the CT Green Building Council. The current director of the Institute is William Leahy.
As of January 1, 2009, the Connecticut State Building Code shall require that any (1) building, except a residential building with no more than four units, constructed after January 1, 2009, that is projected to cost not less than five million dollars, and (2) renovation to any building, except a residential building with no more than four units, started after January 1, 2010, that is projected to cost not less than two million dollars must receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver rating or higher. The Institute for Sustainable Energy will be the sole entity responsible for providing exemptions to this new CT Building Code requirement.