Mass killings that have occurred under some capitalist regimes have been, incompletely, estimated up to approximately 100 million deaths in the 20th century. Scholarship has generally focused on the causes of mass killings in single instances, though some claims of common causes for mass killings have been made. Estimates have included, and are considered incomplete, combatant and noncombatant deaths; an estimated 58 million deaths from World War I and World War II; death tolls from numerous colonial, imperialist, anti-communist and anti-democratic wars; deaths from relevant ethnic conflicts; and preventable deaths from famine and malnutrition. One Marxian theorist, Robert Kurz, went as far to say that in order to "make a list of the crimes of western capitalism, I don’t think that even 100 thick volumes would suffice."
Debate
The estimated death toll for the mass killings that have occurred under capitalist regimes has been attempted to be calculated, largely, as a reaction to The Black Book of Communism (1997). Since the publication of The Black Book of Communism, the estimated number for mass killings under Communist regimes has been hotly debated, as has the number for mass killings under capitalist regimes. Le Livre Noir du Capitalisme (The Black Book of Capitalism) (1998) and the Schwarzbuch Kapitalismus (Black Book of Capitalism) (1999) were published shortly after, in reaction to The Black Book of Communism.
Uncertainty
The categories to include in the total of mass killings under capitalism have been scrutinized. Noam Chomsky, for instance, posited that, "suppose we now apply the methodology of the Black Book and its reviewers" to India, "the democratic capitalist 'experiment' has caused more deaths than in the entire history of... Communism everywhere since 1917: over 100 million deaths by 1979, and tens of millions more since, in India alone."
Late Victorian Holocausts
Mike Davis, author of the Late Victorian Holocausts has proposed that "Millions died, not outside the 'modern world system', but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures. They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed, many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith, Bentham and Mill." "Davis explicitly places his historical reconstruction of these catastrophes in the tradition inaugurated by Rosa Luxemburg in The Accumulation of Capital, where she sought to expose the dependence of the economic mechanisms of capitalist expansion on the infliction of ‘permanent violence’ on the South". Davis writes that "During the famine of 1899-1900, when 143,000 Beraris died directly from starvation, the province exported not only thousands of bales of cotton but an incredible 747,000 bushels of grain."
See Also
*Marxism
*Post-Marxism
*The Black Book of Capitalism
*The Black Book of Capitalism: A farewell to the market economy
*Mass killings under Communist regimes
Footnotes
Debate
The estimated death toll for the mass killings that have occurred under capitalist regimes has been attempted to be calculated, largely, as a reaction to The Black Book of Communism (1997). Since the publication of The Black Book of Communism, the estimated number for mass killings under Communist regimes has been hotly debated, as has the number for mass killings under capitalist regimes. Le Livre Noir du Capitalisme (The Black Book of Capitalism) (1998) and the Schwarzbuch Kapitalismus (Black Book of Capitalism) (1999) were published shortly after, in reaction to The Black Book of Communism.
Uncertainty
The categories to include in the total of mass killings under capitalism have been scrutinized. Noam Chomsky, for instance, posited that, "suppose we now apply the methodology of the Black Book and its reviewers" to India, "the democratic capitalist 'experiment' has caused more deaths than in the entire history of... Communism everywhere since 1917: over 100 million deaths by 1979, and tens of millions more since, in India alone."
Late Victorian Holocausts
Mike Davis, author of the Late Victorian Holocausts has proposed that "Millions died, not outside the 'modern world system', but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures. They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism; indeed, many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith, Bentham and Mill." "Davis explicitly places his historical reconstruction of these catastrophes in the tradition inaugurated by Rosa Luxemburg in The Accumulation of Capital, where she sought to expose the dependence of the economic mechanisms of capitalist expansion on the infliction of ‘permanent violence’ on the South". Davis writes that "During the famine of 1899-1900, when 143,000 Beraris died directly from starvation, the province exported not only thousands of bales of cotton but an incredible 747,000 bushels of grain."
See Also
*Marxism
*Post-Marxism
*The Black Book of Capitalism
*The Black Book of Capitalism: A farewell to the market economy
*Mass killings under Communist regimes
Footnotes
Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for Exchange Server (FPE) is a discontinued software product that detects viruses, spyware, and spam by integrating multiple scanning engines from security partners in a single solution to protect Exchange messaging environments. FPE provides an administration console that includes customizable configuration settings, filtering options, monitoring features and reports, and integration with the Forefront Online Protection for Exchange (FOPE) product.
After installation, managing FPE on multiple Exchange servers can be done with the Microsoft Forefront Protection Server Management Console (FPSMC). Additionally, FPE can be managed using Windows PowerShell, a command-line shell and task-based scripting technology that enables the automation of system administration tasks.
History
The predecessor to the Forefront Server Protection products was the Antigen line of antivirus/antispam products created by Sybari Software. Sybari was acquired by Microsoft in 2005, and the first Microsoft-branded version of the product was called Microsoft Forefront Security for Exchange Server (FSE) Version 10. FSE Version 10 supports only Exchange Server 2007, whereas FPE (the most recent version of the product) supports Exchange Server 2007 SP1 or higher, including Exchange Server 2010.
After installation, managing FPE on multiple Exchange servers can be done with the Microsoft Forefront Protection Server Management Console (FPSMC). Additionally, FPE can be managed using Windows PowerShell, a command-line shell and task-based scripting technology that enables the automation of system administration tasks.
History
The predecessor to the Forefront Server Protection products was the Antigen line of antivirus/antispam products created by Sybari Software. Sybari was acquired by Microsoft in 2005, and the first Microsoft-branded version of the product was called Microsoft Forefront Security for Exchange Server (FSE) Version 10. FSE Version 10 supports only Exchange Server 2007, whereas FPE (the most recent version of the product) supports Exchange Server 2007 SP1 or higher, including Exchange Server 2010.
Microsoft Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint Server (FPSP) is a discontinued software application from Microsoft that protects Microsoft SharePoint Server document libraries. It enforces rules that prevent documents containing malware, sensitive information, or out-of-policy content from being uploaded. FPSP is configured through an administration console.
The Microsoft Forefront Protection Server Management Console can be used to manage FPSP on multiple servers. Additionally, FPSP can be configured with Windows PowerShell.
History
The predecessor to the Forefront server protection products was the Antigen line of antivirus products created by Sybari Software. Sybari was acquired by Microsoft in 2005, and the first Microsoft-branded version of the product was called Microsoft Forefront Security for SharePoint (FSSP) Version 10. FSSP Version 10 supports Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 or Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services version 3, whereas FPSP (the most recent version of the product) supports Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2010, Microsoft SharePoint Foundation 2010, Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 SP1, or Windows SharePoint Services version 3 SP1.
It was announced on September 12, 2012 via the that no further releases of Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint (FPSP) would be produced.
The Microsoft Forefront Protection Server Management Console can be used to manage FPSP on multiple servers. Additionally, FPSP can be configured with Windows PowerShell.
History
The predecessor to the Forefront server protection products was the Antigen line of antivirus products created by Sybari Software. Sybari was acquired by Microsoft in 2005, and the first Microsoft-branded version of the product was called Microsoft Forefront Security for SharePoint (FSSP) Version 10. FSSP Version 10 supports Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 or Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services version 3, whereas FPSP (the most recent version of the product) supports Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2010, Microsoft SharePoint Foundation 2010, Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 SP1, or Windows SharePoint Services version 3 SP1.
It was announced on September 12, 2012 via the that no further releases of Forefront Protection 2010 for SharePoint (FPSP) would be produced.
CCM Presents: The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music is the title of a book, edited by Thom Granger and published in 2001 by Harvest House Publishers.
The book is based on an article that appeared in CCM Magazine listing the "Greatest Albums in Christian Music," according to the magazine's writers. This book expands on that idea, not only listing the top 100 albums, but also includes a small article about each album listed.
One interesting thing about the list is that it transcends genres - mixing rock, country, rap, gospel, folk and every other style of music imaginable, as well as mainstream CCM acts like Steven Curtis Chapman or Amy Grant, with mainstream artists like Bruce Cockburn or U2. In that sense, the list is in no way technically limited to what is considered CCM music or even what is found exclusively on Christian Radio, but instead focuses on any music that mixes spiritual and religious themes with a modern genre of music.
The Top Ten
# Amy Grant, Lead Me On
# Larry Norman, Only Visiting This Planet
# Rich Mullins, A Liturgy, a Legacy, & a Ragamuffin Band
# Mark Heard, Second Hand
# Keith Green, For Him Who Has Ears to Hear
# U2, The Joshua Tree
# Rich Mullins, The World As Best As I Remember It, Volume One
# Leslie Phillips, The Turning
# dc Talk, Free at Last
# BeBe & CeCe Winans, Different Lifestyles
The book is based on an article that appeared in CCM Magazine listing the "Greatest Albums in Christian Music," according to the magazine's writers. This book expands on that idea, not only listing the top 100 albums, but also includes a small article about each album listed.
One interesting thing about the list is that it transcends genres - mixing rock, country, rap, gospel, folk and every other style of music imaginable, as well as mainstream CCM acts like Steven Curtis Chapman or Amy Grant, with mainstream artists like Bruce Cockburn or U2. In that sense, the list is in no way technically limited to what is considered CCM music or even what is found exclusively on Christian Radio, but instead focuses on any music that mixes spiritual and religious themes with a modern genre of music.
The Top Ten
# Amy Grant, Lead Me On
# Larry Norman, Only Visiting This Planet
# Rich Mullins, A Liturgy, a Legacy, & a Ragamuffin Band
# Mark Heard, Second Hand
# Keith Green, For Him Who Has Ears to Hear
# U2, The Joshua Tree
# Rich Mullins, The World As Best As I Remember It, Volume One
# Leslie Phillips, The Turning
# dc Talk, Free at Last
# BeBe & CeCe Winans, Different Lifestyles