“Authoritarian tactics, practices, or playbook refers to strategies and tactics used by groups and individuals to seize power, oppress dissent, and escape accountability themselves. As to the exact meaning of the word “authoritarian,” authors often refer to “authoritarian populism,” “aspiring authoritarians,” “authoritarian neoliberalism,” “authoritarianism,” “competitive authoritarianism,” as well as others. At times, authors prefer to use the framework of autocracy, a related concept, and refer to techno-autocracy, autocratic legalism, or autocracy promotion. When effective, the outcome of authoritarian tactics, is autocratisation.
Authoritarian tactics are often associated with closed dictatorships, but they are found in authoritarian-democratic hybrid regimes and developed democracies as well. They often appear alongside “illiberalism,” which refers to values and behaviors that are adverse to liberalism, such as the removal of basic rights and freedoms from citizens. When political leaders adopt authoritarian tactics from other leaders, this is called “authoritarian diffusion,” “authoritarian learning,” and depending on who the driving force behind it is, “autocracy promotion.”
According to many authors, modern authoritarian tactics are bypassing typical democracy promoting mechanisms, which were adapted to identify and counter 20th century violent movements. They also claim that "autocratisation" has made a gradual shift away from apparent military coups, mass [...] and imprisonments and shifted towards more covert and “boiling frog” forms. Few faultless solutions have been discovered to counter mass disinformation campaigns, especially via social media. With the help of AI, troll armies, fake news, and sophisticated rhetoric, authoritarian leaders may produce so much disinformation that large sections of the target group come to distrust all reporting.
This list presents selected, notable books about the Brazilian Carnival, both non-fiction and fiction, grouped for clarity by subject and era.
General studies
- Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil by James N. Green (2001) — Analysis of male homosexuality and Carnival. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. . Source:
- Carnaval Brasileiro. O Vivido e o Mito by Maria Isaura Pereira Queiroz (1977) — Sociological analysis of Carnival’s development. Brasiliense, São Paulo. . Subject: Analysis of Carnival and popular appeal. Source:
- Ecos da Folia by Maria Clementina Pereira Cunha (2001) — Social history of the Carnival (1880–2020). Companhia das Letras, São Paulo. . Subject: Social history of Carnival. Source:
- Carnaval Em Múltiplos Planos (Various authors, 2018) — Collection of essays on Carnival. Aeroplano, Rio de Janeiro. . Subject: Multidisciplinary essays. Source:
- Carnavais, malandros e heróis: Para uma sociologia do dilema brasileiro by Roberto DaMatta (1979) — Sociological study of Brazil via Carnival. Rocco, Rio de Janeiro. . Subject: Brazilian society and Carnival. Source:
- Carnaval - Cores e Movimentos by Lorenzo Mattotti (2006) — Illustrations of Carnival. Casa 21, Rio. . Subject: Carnival visual arts. Source:
- O carnaval das letras by Leonardo Affonso de Miranda Pereira (2004) —Literature and Carnival in the 19th century. Editora da Unicamp, Campinas. . Source:
Carnival in Rio de Janeiro
- Carnaval no fogo: crônicas de uma cidade excitante demais by Ruy Castro (2003) — Companhia das Letras, São Paulo. . Source:
- Carnival in Rio by Helmut Teissl (2000) — Photo book. Abbeville, New York. . Source:
- Os Carnavais Cariocas e sua Trajetória de Internacionalização (1946–1963) by Danilo Alves Bezerra (2017) — History of Rio Carnival internationalization. Paco Editorial, Jundiaí. . Source:
- 100 anos de carnaval by Haroldo Costa (2001) — History of Rio Carnival Irmãos Vitale, São Paulo. . Subject: Rio Carnival history. Source:
- Carnaval de Rio (ed. Delphine Pinasa & Felipe Ferreira, 2022) — Photobook on Rio Carnival. Silvana Editoriale, Milan. . Source:
- Carnaval-Ritual: Carlos Vergara e Cacique de Ramos by Maurício Barros de Castro (2021) — On photos by Carlos Vergara. Cobogó, Rio de Janeiro. . Source:
Samba schools
- Uma história do Samba by Lira Neto (2017) — Samba schools' history. Companhia das Letras, São Paulo. . Source:
- Escolhas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro by Sergio Cabral (2016) — History of samba schools. Lazuli, Vila Madalena. . Source:
- Carnaval e cultura: Poética e técnica no fazer escola de samba by Milton Cunha (2015) — Samba school culture. Senac, São Paulo. . Source:
- Samba de enredo: história e arte" by Alberto Mussa & Luiz Antonio Simas (2023) — Samba-enredos. Civilização Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro. . Source:
- Três poetas do samba-enredo by Leonardo Bruno, Rachel Valença & Gustavo Gasparani (2021) — On samba-enredos. Cobogó, Rio de Janeiro. . Source:
- Porta-bandeiras, Onze mulheres incríveis do carnaval carioca by Aydano André Motta (2013) — Biographies. Verso Brasil, Rio de Janeiro. . Source:
- Salgueiro, Explode Coração by Leonardo Bruno (2013) — History of Unidos de Salgueiro. Verso Brasil, Rio de Janeiro. . Source:
Carnival in Salvador
- As Donas do Canto by Marilada Santanna (2011) — History of Axé music. Edufba, Salvador. . Source:
- O Carnaval de Salvador e Suas Escolas de Samba (Various Authors, 2017) — Samba schools. Corrupio, Salvador. . Source:
- Almanaque do carnaval by André Diniz (2008) — Historical/practical guide, with focus on Salvador. Zahar, São Paulo. . Subject: History and guide. Source:
Carnival in Recife
- O Carnaval do Recife by Leonardo Dantas Silva (2019) — History/analysis. CEPE, Recife. . Source:
- Festas Mascaras Do Tempo by Rita De Cassia Barbosa De Araujo (1996) — Recife Carnival. Fundação Cultura Cidade do Recife, Recife. . Source:
19th Century
- A Moreninha by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo (1844) — Love story at Carnival. . Source:
- O cortiço by Aluísio Azevedo (1890) — Working-class Rio, Carnival as backdrop. . Source:
20th Century
- Carnaval by Manuel Bandeira (1919) — Poems. . Source:
- O País do Carnaval by Jorge Amado (1931) — Novel, Carnival and intellectualism. . Source:
- Dona Flor e Seus Dois Maridos by Jorge Amado (1966) — Salvador Carnival setting. . Source:
- Orfeu da Conceição by Vinicius de Moraes (1956) — Myth in Rio Carnival. . Source:
- A Grande Arte by Rubem Fonseca (1983) — Crime novel at Rio Carnival. . Source:
- Os Prisioneiros by Rubem Fonseca (1963) — Short stories, two at Carnival. . Source:
21st Century
- O Grande Dia by Pierre Cormon (2024) — Three people are preparing to parade at the Sambadrome or participate in the street carnival; an incident derails all their plans. Quixote Do, Belo Horizonte. . Source:
- Carnaval by Luiza Trigo (2012) — Teen romance at Recife Carnival. Rocco Jovens Leitores, Rio de Janeiro. . Source:
- A Rainha de Bateria by Martinho da Vila (2009) — Picture book, drum queen dream. Lazuli, São Paulo. . Source:
Joaquim Varela (born 1 June 1915) is a Portuguese supercentenarian who is currently the oldest known living man and person in Portugal. He is also among the top 10 oldest living men.
Dominique Guinard (born 27 February 1981) is a Swiss entrepreneur, software engineer and researcher known for his early contributions to the Web of Things.
He co-founded British technology company EVRYTHNG in 2011.