Chairman or Chief is a term sometimes used in political science to categorise the style of leadership of a senior executive figure, be they a prime minister, president, pope or monarch. It comes from a book of that name written about the office of Taoiseach (Irish prime minister) by Professor Brian Farrell of the Department of Politics in University College Dublin in 1971.
In its general application, it seeks to categorise the style of leadership of a senior executive figure.
* A chairman is someone who takes on a co-ordinating, facilitating role in government, chairing cabinets and allowing individual ministers a high degree of independence in their own departments.
* A chief is someone who takes a predominant role in government, hiring and firing at will, setting agendas, instructing ministers on the minutæ of their departmental decision-taking, and being the dominant spokesperson for the government, with in some cases the rest of the cabinet reduced to forming a backdrop to their leadership.
Controversial
Both roles can be controversial. Chairmen like Pope Paul VI can face accusations of indecision or an unwillingness to take decisions, or sitting back and not taking responsibility, while Chiefs like Margaret Thatcher or Charles Haughey may face accusations of being too dominant or too controlling, of running their government or organisation like a private fiefdom.
Deceptive appearance
While someone may appear to outsiders to be a chief, their actual style of leadership may in reality be more akin to a chairman, for example Eamon de Valera. Though de Valera was seen as the dominant figure within his governments, in reality he rarely changed ministers, and rarely intervened in policy except in his own pet areas of interest. In contrast, though seen as a chairman to outsiders, de Valera's s successor as taoiseach, Seán Lemass, exercised a more direct control throughout government, hiring and firing ministers and giving ministers specific tasks to do in their departments. In Charles Haughey's case, at one major press conference in 1982, in which he and all his ministers appeared at the platform, though all had microphones in front of them only Haughey's was actually connected up and working. While he was seeking to project an image of collegiality, the reality was that he alone could speak.
Haughey's press officer, P.J. Mara summed up Haughey's leadership style with the quip una duce, una voce (one leader, one voice).
Another contrast was between Presidents of the United States Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Whereas Reagan was publicly seen as the more dominant chief-like, and Carter the more chairmanlike leader, in reality Carter wished to be intimately briefed about every aspect of policy and be involved in decision making throughout his administration, whereas Reagan was a "hands off" chairman who rarely read detailed briefs and left his cabinet members and administration leaders to do their own thing without reference to him.
Personal relationships
Chieflike leaders often prefer dealing with other chiefs rather than chairmen, even through they may have little in common with them politically. Margaret Thatcher famously said that she preferred dealing with Charles Haughey rather than Garret FitzGerald even though in Anglo-Irish relations in terms of policy she would have been closer to the latter than the former. She recorded in her memoirs that she knew where Haughey stood whereas FitzGerald was much more difficult to fathom. Haughey in turn was closer to Francois Mitterrand than any other leader, because both men ran similar styles of government and felt they were on the same "wavelength" in terms of leadership styles.
Image in language
The dominance of a leader can often be reflected in rumours and myths. Two of Europe's most dominant Chiefs, Charles Haughey and Margaret Thatcher, both had the same mythical story told about them; how they were in a restaurant with their ministers. The waiter took the order for steak from Haughey/Thatcher and then asked "and what about the vegetables?" to which they received the reply "oh they'll have what I am having", implying that their boss thought that the ministers were mere vegetables! A variant of the story also exists in other states with "chief" leaders.
Not all fit neatly into either category
Some chiefs are more dominant than others, and some chairman are more assertive than others. Though regarded as a Chief because of his dominance and policy control, Garret FitzGerald as taoiseach was also a strong believer in collegiality. Rather than instructing ministers on what he wanted to do, he famously used to try to convince them through intellectual argument, producing notoriously long cabinet meetings that took a day and sometimes ran well into the night. In contrast his fellow chief Charles Haughey held short meetings in which he took control. Nevertheless he was less willing to challenge opponents or to sack them than some other Chiefs, notably Margaret Thatcher.
Pluses and minuses of chairmen and chiefs
An effective chairman can act as a co-ordinator running a team, whereas an ineffective chairman can preside over a government that is perceived to be drifting and weak. John Bruton was widely perceived to be the former, whereas John Major was seen as the latter. Similarly a strong chief can run an effective efficient administration, whereas a poor chief can lead his or her government in the wrong policy direction without any ministers daring to question policies.
Examples of chairmen
* John Major
* Edward Heath
* John Bruton
* Bertie Ahern
* Stanley Baldwin
* Pope Paul VI
* Ronald Reagan
Examples of chiefs
* Margaret Thatcher
* Tony Blair
* Charlie Haughey
* Garret FitzGerald
* Charles de Gaulle
* David Lloyd George
* William E. Gladstone
* Queen Elizabeth I of England
* Pope John Paul II
* Jimmy Carter
* François Mitterrand
In its general application, it seeks to categorise the style of leadership of a senior executive figure.
* A chairman is someone who takes on a co-ordinating, facilitating role in government, chairing cabinets and allowing individual ministers a high degree of independence in their own departments.
* A chief is someone who takes a predominant role in government, hiring and firing at will, setting agendas, instructing ministers on the minutæ of their departmental decision-taking, and being the dominant spokesperson for the government, with in some cases the rest of the cabinet reduced to forming a backdrop to their leadership.
Controversial
Both roles can be controversial. Chairmen like Pope Paul VI can face accusations of indecision or an unwillingness to take decisions, or sitting back and not taking responsibility, while Chiefs like Margaret Thatcher or Charles Haughey may face accusations of being too dominant or too controlling, of running their government or organisation like a private fiefdom.
Deceptive appearance
While someone may appear to outsiders to be a chief, their actual style of leadership may in reality be more akin to a chairman, for example Eamon de Valera. Though de Valera was seen as the dominant figure within his governments, in reality he rarely changed ministers, and rarely intervened in policy except in his own pet areas of interest. In contrast, though seen as a chairman to outsiders, de Valera's s successor as taoiseach, Seán Lemass, exercised a more direct control throughout government, hiring and firing ministers and giving ministers specific tasks to do in their departments. In Charles Haughey's case, at one major press conference in 1982, in which he and all his ministers appeared at the platform, though all had microphones in front of them only Haughey's was actually connected up and working. While he was seeking to project an image of collegiality, the reality was that he alone could speak.
Haughey's press officer, P.J. Mara summed up Haughey's leadership style with the quip una duce, una voce (one leader, one voice).
Another contrast was between Presidents of the United States Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Whereas Reagan was publicly seen as the more dominant chief-like, and Carter the more chairmanlike leader, in reality Carter wished to be intimately briefed about every aspect of policy and be involved in decision making throughout his administration, whereas Reagan was a "hands off" chairman who rarely read detailed briefs and left his cabinet members and administration leaders to do their own thing without reference to him.
Personal relationships
Chieflike leaders often prefer dealing with other chiefs rather than chairmen, even through they may have little in common with them politically. Margaret Thatcher famously said that she preferred dealing with Charles Haughey rather than Garret FitzGerald even though in Anglo-Irish relations in terms of policy she would have been closer to the latter than the former. She recorded in her memoirs that she knew where Haughey stood whereas FitzGerald was much more difficult to fathom. Haughey in turn was closer to Francois Mitterrand than any other leader, because both men ran similar styles of government and felt they were on the same "wavelength" in terms of leadership styles.
Image in language
The dominance of a leader can often be reflected in rumours and myths. Two of Europe's most dominant Chiefs, Charles Haughey and Margaret Thatcher, both had the same mythical story told about them; how they were in a restaurant with their ministers. The waiter took the order for steak from Haughey/Thatcher and then asked "and what about the vegetables?" to which they received the reply "oh they'll have what I am having", implying that their boss thought that the ministers were mere vegetables! A variant of the story also exists in other states with "chief" leaders.
Not all fit neatly into either category
Some chiefs are more dominant than others, and some chairman are more assertive than others. Though regarded as a Chief because of his dominance and policy control, Garret FitzGerald as taoiseach was also a strong believer in collegiality. Rather than instructing ministers on what he wanted to do, he famously used to try to convince them through intellectual argument, producing notoriously long cabinet meetings that took a day and sometimes ran well into the night. In contrast his fellow chief Charles Haughey held short meetings in which he took control. Nevertheless he was less willing to challenge opponents or to sack them than some other Chiefs, notably Margaret Thatcher.
Pluses and minuses of chairmen and chiefs
An effective chairman can act as a co-ordinator running a team, whereas an ineffective chairman can preside over a government that is perceived to be drifting and weak. John Bruton was widely perceived to be the former, whereas John Major was seen as the latter. Similarly a strong chief can run an effective efficient administration, whereas a poor chief can lead his or her government in the wrong policy direction without any ministers daring to question policies.
Examples of chairmen
* John Major
* Edward Heath
* John Bruton
* Bertie Ahern
* Stanley Baldwin
* Pope Paul VI
* Ronald Reagan
Examples of chiefs
* Margaret Thatcher
* Tony Blair
* Charlie Haughey
* Garret FitzGerald
* Charles de Gaulle
* David Lloyd George
* William E. Gladstone
* Queen Elizabeth I of England
* Pope John Paul II
* Jimmy Carter
* François Mitterrand
Christopher H.K.Persaud is a Guyanese-born writer, poet and amateur photographer.
Professional Career
Vocationally, he is a financial services professional and has worked in the finance/accounting field for over thirty years; firstly as a public accountant and banker in Guyana, South America and more recently, as an accountant in the not-for-profit business sector in the USA. Born in Guyana, he immigrated to the USA in the early nineteen-eighties. Christopher served as an Audit Manager with the public accounting firm of Thomas, Stoll, Dias & Company (now Deloitte and Touche) in Georgetown, Guyana in the late nineteen-seventies and as a Senior Officer of the Government-owned Guyana National Co-operative Bank (Georgetown, Guyana) from 1976 to 1982. He was also a Director on the Board of the Guyana National Co-operative Bank Trust (Georgetown, Guyana), the largest public lending institution at the time, from 1979 to 1982.
Writing Career and Other Interests'
Persaud's writings fall within the genres of Christian Aplolgetics, Bible Prophecy and Origins Research. Among his published books are (a) God In Our Midst - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2003 (b) Famous People Speak About Jesus - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2004 (c) Transformed Lives - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2005 and (d) Evolution: Beyond The Realm of Real Science - Xulon Press, USA, 2007. Persaud describes a number of providential experiences in his life that he staunchly feels was orchestrated by God, including a near-fatal motor vehicle accident that took place in Guyana in 1978 (God In Our Midst - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2003 pgs.19-23). Among Christopher's literary accomplishments is winning a writing contest sponsored by Xulon Press in 2007. His contribution,A Christian Woman, about his beloved mother Ruth, is showcased in the book, Memories of Mother - Inspiring Real Life Stories of How Mothers Touch Our Lives (Xulon Press, USA, 2007).
Christopher's poetry has been published in a number of American poetry anthologies and encompasses a wide spectrum of themes. He is listed in Who's Who in Poetry, Vol. II (World of Poetry Press, 1988. p.64) and has won various prizes in national poetry competitions, including the Golden Poet Award in 1988 (World of Poetry Press, USA). Persaud's poetry appears in The Golden Treasury of Great Poems (World of Poetry Press, USA, 1988), American Poetry Anthology (American Poetry Association, Vol II, No. 5, USA, 1988) and Great Poems of the Western World (Famous Poets Press, USA, 2006).
Christopher lives in New Milford, New Jersey, USA with his wife Pamela and their three sons Duane, Jason and Justin.
Professional Career
Vocationally, he is a financial services professional and has worked in the finance/accounting field for over thirty years; firstly as a public accountant and banker in Guyana, South America and more recently, as an accountant in the not-for-profit business sector in the USA. Born in Guyana, he immigrated to the USA in the early nineteen-eighties. Christopher served as an Audit Manager with the public accounting firm of Thomas, Stoll, Dias & Company (now Deloitte and Touche) in Georgetown, Guyana in the late nineteen-seventies and as a Senior Officer of the Government-owned Guyana National Co-operative Bank (Georgetown, Guyana) from 1976 to 1982. He was also a Director on the Board of the Guyana National Co-operative Bank Trust (Georgetown, Guyana), the largest public lending institution at the time, from 1979 to 1982.
Writing Career and Other Interests'
Persaud's writings fall within the genres of Christian Aplolgetics, Bible Prophecy and Origins Research. Among his published books are (a) God In Our Midst - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2003 (b) Famous People Speak About Jesus - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2004 (c) Transformed Lives - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2005 and (d) Evolution: Beyond The Realm of Real Science - Xulon Press, USA, 2007. Persaud describes a number of providential experiences in his life that he staunchly feels was orchestrated by God, including a near-fatal motor vehicle accident that took place in Guyana in 1978 (God In Our Midst - Xlibris Corporation, USA, 2003 pgs.19-23). Among Christopher's literary accomplishments is winning a writing contest sponsored by Xulon Press in 2007. His contribution,A Christian Woman, about his beloved mother Ruth, is showcased in the book, Memories of Mother - Inspiring Real Life Stories of How Mothers Touch Our Lives (Xulon Press, USA, 2007).
Christopher's poetry has been published in a number of American poetry anthologies and encompasses a wide spectrum of themes. He is listed in Who's Who in Poetry, Vol. II (World of Poetry Press, 1988. p.64) and has won various prizes in national poetry competitions, including the Golden Poet Award in 1988 (World of Poetry Press, USA). Persaud's poetry appears in The Golden Treasury of Great Poems (World of Poetry Press, USA, 1988), American Poetry Anthology (American Poetry Association, Vol II, No. 5, USA, 1988) and Great Poems of the Western World (Famous Poets Press, USA, 2006).
Christopher lives in New Milford, New Jersey, USA with his wife Pamela and their three sons Duane, Jason and Justin.
Chorye Spoone (born September 16, 1985) is a minor-league pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles organization.
Chorye is from a sort of small town called Pasadena, Maryland. He attended to Northeast High School where he played baseball. He is a 2003 Northeast graduate. He helped Northeast to win their 4th state title in 2001 as a sophomore. He was first drafted by the San Diego Padres but he then rejected the offer. Later he was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles and is now one of the top prospects in the whole organization. Many people believe in him in the town of Pasadena and everywhere in Maryland. "He sure will be a joy to watch!", says many of the Pasadenians.
Chorye is from a sort of small town called Pasadena, Maryland. He attended to Northeast High School where he played baseball. He is a 2003 Northeast graduate. He helped Northeast to win their 4th state title in 2001 as a sophomore. He was first drafted by the San Diego Padres but he then rejected the offer. Later he was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles and is now one of the top prospects in the whole organization. Many people believe in him in the town of Pasadena and everywhere in Maryland. "He sure will be a joy to watch!", says many of the Pasadenians.
:This article is about the Super Smash Bros. Melee strategy. For "Dagger Style", see the article on GunZ: The Duel.
D-Style is a strategy in Super Smash Bros. Melee that uses or down-B move (Counter) as an offensive attack. It may also refer to when counter is overly-used, apparently for no reason. Normally, Counter is used for defensive purposes, but in some situations, D-style can be used to attack. D-style was developed in New Jersey and is named for it's creator Dennis Comella. Many players consider D-style to be a newbie tactic, however, it has been known to be very effective against players with superior technical skills.
The Counter move allows the player to parry almost any attack, thus striking the foe without taking damage oneself. An attack must be used on the player using counter for counter to have any effect. This often renders the D-styler "untouchable." However, certain moves cannot be countered or D-styled, such as Kirby's neutral-B, Captain Falcon's up-B, and most notably, grabs. There are also some moves that can be countered, but will sometimes hit a second time before the move is completed. These moves include Pikachu's and Pichu's down-B thunder, Mewtwo's Shadow Ball, Ice Climbers' neutral-B, and Ness' PK Fire.
D-style works best on unsuspecting players who are not familiar with D-style. Experienced players can often predict when a D-styler will use counter, and will be able to attack after the counter has lost it's effect.
D-style Usage
One common use of D-style is running up to a stationary player, who is decidedly likely to attack, and use a short-hop counter. The short-hop is necessary because the dash animation needs to be cancelled before the counter can be used. If successful, the attacker will be attacked with the counter, allowing the D-styler to follow up with another move or moves, especially effective with a character with as much range and power as Marth.
Another use is to idly wait in one area of the stage and wait for the foe to approach and attack. They can attack from any direction--above, below, front, or back--and the counter will amost always hit. A third useful technique is to use counter after you have been sent flying above the top of the stage and begin to fall. Most experienced players will attempt to juggle or attack you, especially characters like Fox, Sheik, and Captain Falcon. D-style can also be used on a player charging a move, when the move is more predictable, such as a forward-smash, another Marth's Shield Breaker, Pichu's Skull Bash, Jigglypuff's Rollout, or Samus's charge beam.
Often it is advantageous to use D-style as a recovery technique, since many experienced players will attempt to edge guard. If the edge guard is countered, the player now has a clean edge to recover onto. Countering also comes in handy as an edge guarding technique itself. If the opponent's recovery move deals damage (e.g. DK, Link, Marth, Mario), it can be edge guarded.
Advantages and Disadvantages
One advantage of D-style is that it will annoy and fluster most opponents. Using Marth's counter will rarely cause a KO, but Roy's counter is considerably more powerful, depending on the move attacked with. Roy's counter does 1.5 times the damage of the attacker's move, so when hit with a powerful move, especially when the opponent is at high damage, the D-styler will KO the attacker. However, Roy's counter has more lag time if it fails. Both Marth's and Roy's counters cause a strange trajectory when the opponent is hit. They will usually fly forward and up, but hit an invisible ceiling and deflect downward, sometimes off the stage. This is most noticeable when the opponent is at a higher damage.
The main disadvantage of D-style is that if it fails, the D-styler is left vulnerable for another attack with a short period of lag afterwards. Experienced players will be able to predict when a player will counter, wait for the move to be executed, and attack after the player has become vulnerable again. Also, an experienced player will often grab the player using counter, since no parry is possible on a grab.
Other uses
One interesting use of counter is that it will deflect certain attacks that are projectiles, like Samus's Charge Shot, Samus's missiles, and Fox/Falco's lasers. Under certain situations when playing with three or more players, the new trajectory of the deflected object will hit another unexpecting player above and behind the player using counter. This could be developed into a team stragegy.
Counter can also be used as an alternative to shielding projectiles, but will usually fail after several repetitions due to its predictability.
Many players neglect the existence of Counter all together, but when used properly, it can be an effective strategy. Princess Peach also has a counter (neutral-B), but this strategy has not yet been fully explored.
D-Style is a strategy in Super Smash Bros. Melee that uses or down-B move (Counter) as an offensive attack. It may also refer to when counter is overly-used, apparently for no reason. Normally, Counter is used for defensive purposes, but in some situations, D-style can be used to attack. D-style was developed in New Jersey and is named for it's creator Dennis Comella. Many players consider D-style to be a newbie tactic, however, it has been known to be very effective against players with superior technical skills.
The Counter move allows the player to parry almost any attack, thus striking the foe without taking damage oneself. An attack must be used on the player using counter for counter to have any effect. This often renders the D-styler "untouchable." However, certain moves cannot be countered or D-styled, such as Kirby's neutral-B, Captain Falcon's up-B, and most notably, grabs. There are also some moves that can be countered, but will sometimes hit a second time before the move is completed. These moves include Pikachu's and Pichu's down-B thunder, Mewtwo's Shadow Ball, Ice Climbers' neutral-B, and Ness' PK Fire.
D-style works best on unsuspecting players who are not familiar with D-style. Experienced players can often predict when a D-styler will use counter, and will be able to attack after the counter has lost it's effect.
D-style Usage
One common use of D-style is running up to a stationary player, who is decidedly likely to attack, and use a short-hop counter. The short-hop is necessary because the dash animation needs to be cancelled before the counter can be used. If successful, the attacker will be attacked with the counter, allowing the D-styler to follow up with another move or moves, especially effective with a character with as much range and power as Marth.
Another use is to idly wait in one area of the stage and wait for the foe to approach and attack. They can attack from any direction--above, below, front, or back--and the counter will amost always hit. A third useful technique is to use counter after you have been sent flying above the top of the stage and begin to fall. Most experienced players will attempt to juggle or attack you, especially characters like Fox, Sheik, and Captain Falcon. D-style can also be used on a player charging a move, when the move is more predictable, such as a forward-smash, another Marth's Shield Breaker, Pichu's Skull Bash, Jigglypuff's Rollout, or Samus's charge beam.
Often it is advantageous to use D-style as a recovery technique, since many experienced players will attempt to edge guard. If the edge guard is countered, the player now has a clean edge to recover onto. Countering also comes in handy as an edge guarding technique itself. If the opponent's recovery move deals damage (e.g. DK, Link, Marth, Mario), it can be edge guarded.
Advantages and Disadvantages
One advantage of D-style is that it will annoy and fluster most opponents. Using Marth's counter will rarely cause a KO, but Roy's counter is considerably more powerful, depending on the move attacked with. Roy's counter does 1.5 times the damage of the attacker's move, so when hit with a powerful move, especially when the opponent is at high damage, the D-styler will KO the attacker. However, Roy's counter has more lag time if it fails. Both Marth's and Roy's counters cause a strange trajectory when the opponent is hit. They will usually fly forward and up, but hit an invisible ceiling and deflect downward, sometimes off the stage. This is most noticeable when the opponent is at a higher damage.
The main disadvantage of D-style is that if it fails, the D-styler is left vulnerable for another attack with a short period of lag afterwards. Experienced players will be able to predict when a player will counter, wait for the move to be executed, and attack after the player has become vulnerable again. Also, an experienced player will often grab the player using counter, since no parry is possible on a grab.
Other uses
One interesting use of counter is that it will deflect certain attacks that are projectiles, like Samus's Charge Shot, Samus's missiles, and Fox/Falco's lasers. Under certain situations when playing with three or more players, the new trajectory of the deflected object will hit another unexpecting player above and behind the player using counter. This could be developed into a team stragegy.
Counter can also be used as an alternative to shielding projectiles, but will usually fail after several repetitions due to its predictability.
Many players neglect the existence of Counter all together, but when used properly, it can be an effective strategy. Princess Peach also has a counter (neutral-B), but this strategy has not yet been fully explored.