The Betty Griffin Center is a nonprofit agency in St. Johns County, Florida that supports survivors of domestic and sexual abuse.
The current CEO is Kelly Franklin, who was appointed to the position on October 1, 2001 to replace retiring Joyce Mahr, who had been with the organization for 25 years and served as CEO for 13 years. Staff and advocates work from its outreach center, located in St. Augustine, Florida.
The nonprofit agency's 2019 Audited Financial Statement indicates its total annual budget is $5.9 million. A board of directors oversees the CEO. For the 2023-24 Fiscal Year, the 13-member board of directors was chaired by Jayne Evans, the CEO of Heart Touch Communications for Nonprofits.
The name of the organization is linked to Elkton, Florida resident Betty Griffin. This was occurring at the same time St. Augustine Sherriff Neil Perry supported establishing a permanent shelter for victims of domestic violence in the city in the mid 1980s.
Because of these origins, the organization was known as the Betty Griffin House from 1990 until 2016. With funding received through the Community Foundation of Northeast Florida in 2015, the organization rebranded as Betty Griffin Center in October 2016 to a brand that captured all the services provided "beyond providing shelter for those fleeing domestic or sexual abuse".
The nonprofit agency is funded by individual donors, grants and fundraising events held throughout the year. The Betty Griffin Center 5K Run for Peace event has been held for nine consecutive years (held virtually during the COVID 19 pandemic in 2020). Other annual events include the Fashion for Action fundraiser, which celebrated its third consecutive year in 2023 , along with an annual art and poetry calendar contest involving submissions from St. Johns County Students, which has been conducted for more than 10 years.
The nonprofit also generates operating funds through public donations of used items that are resold at two thrift shoppes -- the original located at Anastasia Square Shopping Center in St. Augustine and a second added at Julington Square, located in the western part of St. Johns County, Florida.
The current CEO is Kelly Franklin, who was appointed to the position on October 1, 2001 to replace retiring Joyce Mahr, who had been with the organization for 25 years and served as CEO for 13 years. Staff and advocates work from its outreach center, located in St. Augustine, Florida.
The nonprofit agency's 2019 Audited Financial Statement indicates its total annual budget is $5.9 million. A board of directors oversees the CEO. For the 2023-24 Fiscal Year, the 13-member board of directors was chaired by Jayne Evans, the CEO of Heart Touch Communications for Nonprofits.
The name of the organization is linked to Elkton, Florida resident Betty Griffin. This was occurring at the same time St. Augustine Sherriff Neil Perry supported establishing a permanent shelter for victims of domestic violence in the city in the mid 1980s.
Because of these origins, the organization was known as the Betty Griffin House from 1990 until 2016. With funding received through the Community Foundation of Northeast Florida in 2015, the organization rebranded as Betty Griffin Center in October 2016 to a brand that captured all the services provided "beyond providing shelter for those fleeing domestic or sexual abuse".
The nonprofit agency is funded by individual donors, grants and fundraising events held throughout the year. The Betty Griffin Center 5K Run for Peace event has been held for nine consecutive years (held virtually during the COVID 19 pandemic in 2020). Other annual events include the Fashion for Action fundraiser, which celebrated its third consecutive year in 2023 , along with an annual art and poetry calendar contest involving submissions from St. Johns County Students, which has been conducted for more than 10 years.
The nonprofit also generates operating funds through public donations of used items that are resold at two thrift shoppes -- the original located at Anastasia Square Shopping Center in St. Augustine and a second added at Julington Square, located in the western part of St. Johns County, Florida.
The following article is a broad timeline of the Pokémon franchise, also known as Pocket Monsters in Japan, a Japanese media franchise managed by The Pokémon Company, a company founded by Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures.
The Pokémon franchise is divided into generations. In each new generation, a new set of Pokémon and a new region are introduced for the first time. The first generation began in Japan with the release of on February 27, 1996. As of 2024, there are currently nine generations of main series video games.
1996
* February 27: Pocket Monsters Red & Green, the first-ever Pokémon games and the primary games of Generation I, first released in Japan for the Game Boy
*June 23: Nintendo 64 first released in Japan
* October 15: Pocket Monsters Blue, upper edition of Pocket Monsters Red & Green, first released in Japan for the Game Boy
* October 20: Pokémon Trading Card Game (TCG) first released
1997
* March: Pokémon Adventures manga first released in Japan
* April 1: Pocket Monsters, the first Japanese anime series, first aired in Japan with the release of the first episode of the 1st anime season,
1998
* March 27: Pocket Pikachu released in Japan
*April 23: Pokémon Center Co. Ltd established
*April 25: First ever Pokémon Center, Pokémon Center Tokyo, opened in Tokyo, Japan
*July 18: First ever Pokémon movie, Pokémon The First Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back, first released in Japan
*August 1: Pocket Monsters Stadium (Japanese version), a spin-off game, released in Japan
* September 8: First English dub anime season, Pokémon: Indigo League, released in North America
* September 12: Pokémon Yellow, upper edition of Pocket Monsters Red & Green (1996), first released in Japan for the Game Boy & Game Boy Color
* September 28: Pokémon Red and Blue, the international version of Pocket Monsters Red & Green (1996) and the first Pokémon games released internationally, released in North America
*October 21: Game Boy Color first released in Japan
*December 12: , a spin-off game, released in Japan for Nintendo 64
*December 18: Pokémon Trading Card Game for Game Boy released
1999
* January 21: Super Smash Bros. 64, crossover game, first released in Japan for Nintendo 64
* January 28: Pocket Monsters Episode: Orange Islands Adventures first aired in Japan
*March 21: Pokémon Snap, a spin-off photography game, first released in Japan
*April 14: Pokémon Pinball, a spin-off game, first released in Japan
*April 30: Pokémon Stadium (known in Japan as Pokémon Stadium 2), a spin-off game, first released in Japan
*July 17: Second Pokémon movie, Pokémon The Movie 2000: The Power of One, first released in Japan
*October 7: Softx changed its name to TV Tokyo MediaNet
*October 14: Pocket Monsters Episode: Gold and Silver first aired in Japan
* November 21: Pokémon Gold and Silver, primary games of Generation II, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Color
* December 4: Second English dub anime season, Pokémon: Adventures in the Orange Islands, released in the United States
2000
* July 18: Third Pokémon movie, Pokémon 3: The Movie: Spell of the Unown first released in Japan
* October 14: Third English dub anime season, Pokémon: The Johto Journeys, released in the United States
* December 14: Pokémon Crystal, upper edition of Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999), first released in Japan as the final main games for the Game Boy Color
* December 14: Pokémon Stadium 2 (known in Japan as Pokémon Stadium Gold and Silver) released in Japan
2001
* February: Pokémon USA established
*March 21: Game Boy Advance first released in Japan
*July 7: Fourth Pokémon movie, Pokémon 4Ever Celebi: Voice of the Forest, first released in Japan
* August 18: Fourth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Johto League Champions, released in the United States
*September 14: GameCube first released in Japan
*October 3: Pokémon Mini first released in Australia
*November 16: Pokemon Center New York opened in New York City
*November 16: Pokémon Puzzle Collection first released in Japan
*November 21: Super Smash Bros. Melee released for the GameCube
*December 4: Pokémon Zany Cards, a spin-off for Pokémon Mini, first released in Japan
2002
* July 13: Fifth Pokémon movie, Pokémon Heroes: Latios and Latias, first released in Japan
* September 14: Fifth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Master Quest, released in the United States
* November 21: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, primary games of Generation III and first main games for the Game Boy Advance, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance
* November 21: Pokémon Advanced Generation, The second Japanese anime series, first released in Japan
2003
* February 14: Game Boy Advance SP first released in Japan
*March 15: Sixth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Advanced, released in the United States
*May 30: Pokémon Box Ruby & Sapphire first released
* July 19: Sixth Pokémon movie, Jirachi Wish Maker, first released in Japan
*November 21: Pokémon Colosseum first released for GameCube
2004
* January 29: Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, remakes of Pocket Monsters Red and Green (1996) for the Game Boy and first ever remakes, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance
* July 17: Seventh Pokémon movie, Destiny Deoxys, first released in Japan
*August 22: First ever Pokémon Trading Game World Championships held
*September 2: TV Tokyo MediaNet was shortened to MediaNet
* September 11: Seventh English dub anime season, Pokémon: Advanced Challenge, released in the United States
* September 16: Pokémon Emerald, upper edition of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002) and final main games for the Game Boy Advance, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance
*November 21: Nintendo DS first released in North America
* December 2: Pokémon Dash, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
2005
* March 18: Poképark, a theme park, opens in Japan
*July 16: Eighth Pokémon movie, Lucario and the Mystery of Mew, first released in Japan
*August 4: Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness, a spin-off game, first released in Japan
*September 13: Game Boy Micro first released in Japan
* September 17: Eighth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Advanced Battle, released in the United States
* October 20: , a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* November 17; Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team, first games in the spin-off Mystery Dungeon series, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS, respectively
2006
*March 2: Nintendo DS Lite first released in Japan
* March 23: Pokémon Ranger, the first game in the spin-off Ranger series, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* July 15: Ninth Pokémon movie, Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea, first released in Japan
* August 28: Pokémon Korea Inc. established
* September 8: Ninth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Battle Frontier, released in the United States
* September 28: Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, primary games of Generation IV and first main games for the Nintendo DS, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* September 28: Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, the Sinnoh anime saga & 3rd Japanese anime series, first released in Japan
*November 19: Nintendo Wii first released in North America
*December 14: Pokémon Battle Revolution, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Wii
2007
* April 20: Tenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl, released in the United States
* July 14: Tenth Pokémon movie, The Rise of Darkrai, 1st movie in the Diamond and Pearl movie trilogy, first released in Japan
* September 13: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
2008
* January 31: Super Smash Bros. Brawl, crossover game, first released in Japan for the Wii
*March 20: Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia, spin-off game and 2nd game in the Ranger series, first released in Japan
*March 25: My Pokémon Ranch, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Wii
* April 12: Eleventh English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Battle Dimension, released in the United States
*June 16: Pokémon Rumble, a spin-off game, first released for the Wii
*June 30: Shogakukan Productions changed its name to ShoPro
* July 19: Eleventh Pokémon movie, Giratina and the Sky Warrior, 2nd movie in the Diamond and Pearl movie trilogy, first released in Japan
*August 4: released exclusively in Japan as a WiiWare title for the Wii
*August 14: Pokémon World Championships first held
* September 13: Pokémon Platinum, upper edition of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006), first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
*November 1: Nintendo DSi first released in Japan
2009
* April 9: Pokémon Company International is established through the merger of Pokémon USA and Pokémon UK
*April 18: Pokémon Explorers of Sky, upper edition of Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, first released in Japan
* May 9: Twelfth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles, released in the United States
* July 18: Twelfth Pokémon movie, Arceus and the Jewel of Life, 3rd movie in the Diamond and Pearl movie trilogy, first released in Japan
* September 12: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999) for the Game Boy Color, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS (in celebration of the 10th anniversary of Pokémon Gold and Silver)
*November 21: Nintendo DSi XL first released in Japan
*December 5: PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Wii
2010
* March 6: Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs, a spin-off game and third and most recent game in the Ranger series, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* June 5: Thirteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Sinnoh League Victors, released in the United States
* July 10: Thirteenth Pokémon movie, Zoroark: Master of Illusions, first released in Japan
* September 18: Pokémon Black and White, primary games of Generation V, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* September 23: , the Unova anime saga and fourth Japanese anime series, first released in Japan
* October 13: Pokémon Global Link, an online portal, established (went offline, discontinued in 2020)
2011
* February 12: Fourteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Black & White, released in the United States
*February 26: Nintendo 3DS first released in Japan
*April 21: Learn with Pokémon: Typing Adventure, spin-off educational game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS (only released in Japan, Europe & Australia)
*June 6: Pokédex 3D released for the Nintendo 3DS
* July 16: Fourteenth movie, Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom, the first dual Pokemon movies, first released in Japan
* November 12: PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond first released in Japan for the Wii
2012
* February 18: Fifteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Black & White: Rival Destinies, released in the United States
* March 17: Pokémon Conquest, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* June 21: , subseries of the Best Wishes! series, first released in Japan
* June 23: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, a sequel to Pokémon Black and White (2010), the first-ever sequel game and the final main game for the Nintendo DS, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
*June 23: Pokémon Dream Radar first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* July 14: Fifteenth Pokémon movie, Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice, first released in Japan
*July 28: Nintendo 3DS XL first released in Japan & Europe
*November 18: Wii U first released in North America
* November 23: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Gates to Infinity, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS
2013
* January 17: Pokémon Best Wishes Season 2 Episode N, a subseries of Pokémon Best Wishes!, first released in Japan
* February 2: Sixteenth English dub anime season part 1 of 2, Pokémon: Black & White: Adventures in Unova, released in the United States
* February 8: Pokémon TV app first released
* April 24: Pokémon Rumble U first released
* April 25: Pokémon Best Wishes Season 2 Decolore Adventure first released
* July 13: Sixteenth Pokémon movie, Genesect and the Legend Awakened, first released in Japan
* July 27: Sixteenth English dub anime season part 2 of 2, Pokémon: Black & White: Adventures in Unova and Beyond, released in the United States
*October 12: Nintendo 2DS first released in the West
* October 17: Pokémon: XY, fifth anime series, first released in Japan
* October 19: Seventeenth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: XY, released in the United States; Pokémon English dub anime is rebranded as "Pokémon the Series"
* December 25: Pokémon Bank released worldwide for Nintendo 3DS
2014
* July 19: Seventeenth Pokémon movie, Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction, first released in Japan
*September 13: Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS, crossover game, first released in Japan
*October 11: New Nintendo 3DS & the New Nintendo 3DS XL first released in Japan
* November 21: Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, remakes of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002) for the Game Boy Advance, released worldwide (except Europe on November 28) for the Nintendo 3DS on the twelfth anniversary of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002)
*November 21: Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, crossover game, first released in North America
2015
* February 7: Eighteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, released in the United States
* February 18: Pokémon Shuffle released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS
* May 7: Pokémon Jukebox, a music app only for Android first released in Japan
* July 18: Eighteenth Pokémon movie, Hoopa and the Clash of Ages, first released in Japan
* September 9: Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon, a spin-off game in the Mystery Dungeon series, first released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS
*September 10: Pokémon GO Press Conference announces Pokémon GO for summer 2016
* October 29: Pokémon XYZ, a subseries of Pokémon XY Japanese anime series, first airs in Japan
*December 2: Pokémon Picross, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS
2016
* February 7: Pokémon twentieth anniversary commercial airs during Super Bowl 50
*February 20: Nineteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: XYZ, released in the United States
* February 27: Pocket Monsters Red, Green, Blue, (1996) and Yellow (1998), originally released for the Game Boy, re-released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS via Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console
*March 18: Pokkén Tournament released worldwide for the Wii U
*April 12: Pokémon Duel, a spin-off mobile game, first released in Japan for Android (shut down on October 31, 2019)
*July 6: Pokémon GO, geolocation-based mobile game, first released in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States for iOS and Android
* July 16: Nineteenth Pokémon movie, Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel, the most recent main timeline movie, first released in Japan
* September 16: Pokémon Generations, a special mini-anime series, first released
* November 17: Pokémon Sun and Moon, sixth anime series, first released in Japan
* November 18: Pokémon Sun and Moon, primary games of Generation VII, released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS
* December 5: Twentieth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon, released in the United States
* December 9: Pokémon TCG - Sun and Moon first released
2017
* March 3: Nintendo Switch released worldwide in most regions
*June 15: New Nintendo 2DS XL first released in Australia
*July 15: Twentieth Pokémon movie, , the first alternate timeline movie, first released in Japan
*September 22: Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999), originally released for the Game Boy Color, re-released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS via Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console
*September 22: Pokken Tournament DX released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
* November 17: Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, upper editions of Pokémon Sun and Moon (2016), released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS
2018
* January 26: Pokémon Crystal (2000), originally released for the Game Boy Color, re-released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS via Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console
*March 23: Detective Pikachu, a spin-off game first released for Nintendo 3DS
* March 28: Twenty-first English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon - Ultra Adventures, released in the United States
*May 30: Pokémon 2018 Video Game Press Conference announces , untitled future core game for Nintendo Switch, spin-off game Pokémon Quest for the Nintendo Switch & mobile devices
* May 30: Pokémon Quest, a spin-off game, released for mobile
* July 13: Twenty-first Pokémon movie, The Power of Us, first released in Japan
* September 25: A mini-series The Two Professors was released
* November 16: , remakes of Pokémon Yellow (1998) for the Game Boy Color and first main Nintendo Switch games, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch in celebration of the Twentieth anniversary of Pokémon Yellow (1998)
* December 7: Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, crossover game, released for the Nintendo Switch
2019
* March 23: Twenty-second English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon - Ultra Legends, released in the United States
*May 1: Pokémon Pass, a mobile app for scanning Pokémon gifts, launches exclusively in the United States
*May 3: Detective Pikachu, the first live-action film, first airs in theatres in Japan
*May 10: Detective Pikachu, the first live-action film, released in the West
*May 27: Pokémon 2019 Press Conference announces Detective Pikachu sequel for the Nintendo Switch, the cloud service Pokémon HOME, the mobile app Pokémon Sleep, the Pokémon GO Plus + device, and the spin-off game Pokémon Masters for mobile devices
* July 12: Twenty-second Pokémon movie, Mewtwo Strikes Back: EVOLUTION, remake of the first Pokemon movie and first CGI, first released in Japan
* August 29: Pokémon Masters, (now called Pokemon Masters Ex since August 2020) mobile spin-off game released
*September 20: Nintendo Switch Lite released worldwide
*October 31: Pokémon Duel permanently shuts down
* November 15: Pokémon Sword and Shield, primary games of Generation VIII, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
* November 17: Pocket Monsters, the seventh anime series and first series to focus on all current regions, first aired in Japan
* December 6: Pokémon Sword and Shield TCG released
2020
* January 15: Pokémon Twilight Wings, a special mini web anime series, first airs
* February 12: Pokémon Home released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch and mobile devices
* February 27: Mewtwo Strikes Back: EVOLUTION, the 22nd Pokémon movie, released worldwide on Netflix; first movie to premiere on Netflix
* March 6: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Rescue Team DX, spin-off and remake of Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team (2005), released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
* May 9: Twenty-third English dub anime season, Pokémon Journeys: The Series, first released in Canada
* June 5: A mini-series was released
* June 12: Twenty-third English dub anime season premieres on Netflix for the very first time with the Netflix release of Pokémon Journeys: The Series in the United States
* June 17: Pokémon Sword and Shield: The Isle of Armor, 1st of 2 DLCs for Pokémon Sword and Shield (2019), released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
2021
*February 27: Twenty-fifth anniversary of the Pokémon video games and the Pokémon franchise; Pokémon25 Virtual Concert with Post Malone
*April 30: New Pokémon Snap, a spin-off game, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
*May 14: "Electric" by American pop singer Katy Perry, the lead single of the Pokémon 25 music album, is released
*June 12: Twenty-fourth English dub anime season, Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series, season premiere in Canada
*July 21: Pokémon Unite, a spin-off MOBA mobile game, released for Nintendo Switch
*September 9: Pokémon Evolutions, a special mini web anime series celebrating the 25th anniversary, first airs
*September 10: Twenty-fourth English dub anime season premieres on Netflix with the Netflix release of Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series in the United States
*September 22: Pokémon Unite, a spin-off MOBA mobile game, mobile release for iOS and Android
*October 15: Release of Pokémon 25: The Album, featuring Katy Perry, Post Malone, J Balvin, Lil Yachty, Tierra Whack, Vince Staples, Zhu & more
*October 28: Pokémon Cafe Mix renamed Pokémon Café ReMix
*November 19: Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl, remakes of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006) for the Nintendo DS, worldwide release for the Nintendo Switch in celebration of the 15th anniversary of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006)
2022
*January 28: Pokémon Legends: Arceus, interquel of Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl (2021), worldwide release for the Nintendo Switch
*May 18: Pokémon: Hisuian Snow, a special mini web anime series, first airs
*May 28: Twenty-fifth English dub anime season, Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series, first released in Canada
*October 21: Twenty-fifth English dub anime season premieres on Netflix with the Netflix release of Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series in the United States
*November 18: Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, primary games of Generation IX, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
2023
*January 13: Pocket Monsters: Aim to Be a Pokémon Master anime airs in Japan
*April 8: A mini-series was released
*April 14: airs in Japan.
*July 17: Pokémon Sleep, a spin-off mobile game that tracks the amount of time a user sleeps
*August 11: A mini-series was released
*September 6: A mini-series Pokémon: Paldean Winds was released
*October 6: Detective Pikachu Returns
*October 27: Pocket Monsters: The Sparkling of Terapagos airs in Japan.
*December 28: Pokémon Concierge aired on Netflix
Upcoming
* Untitled Detective Pikachu film sequel
* Pokémon Legends: Z-A
The Pokémon franchise is divided into generations. In each new generation, a new set of Pokémon and a new region are introduced for the first time. The first generation began in Japan with the release of on February 27, 1996. As of 2024, there are currently nine generations of main series video games.
1996
* February 27: Pocket Monsters Red & Green, the first-ever Pokémon games and the primary games of Generation I, first released in Japan for the Game Boy
*June 23: Nintendo 64 first released in Japan
* October 15: Pocket Monsters Blue, upper edition of Pocket Monsters Red & Green, first released in Japan for the Game Boy
* October 20: Pokémon Trading Card Game (TCG) first released
1997
* March: Pokémon Adventures manga first released in Japan
* April 1: Pocket Monsters, the first Japanese anime series, first aired in Japan with the release of the first episode of the 1st anime season,
1998
* March 27: Pocket Pikachu released in Japan
*April 23: Pokémon Center Co. Ltd established
*April 25: First ever Pokémon Center, Pokémon Center Tokyo, opened in Tokyo, Japan
*July 18: First ever Pokémon movie, Pokémon The First Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back, first released in Japan
*August 1: Pocket Monsters Stadium (Japanese version), a spin-off game, released in Japan
* September 8: First English dub anime season, Pokémon: Indigo League, released in North America
* September 12: Pokémon Yellow, upper edition of Pocket Monsters Red & Green (1996), first released in Japan for the Game Boy & Game Boy Color
* September 28: Pokémon Red and Blue, the international version of Pocket Monsters Red & Green (1996) and the first Pokémon games released internationally, released in North America
*October 21: Game Boy Color first released in Japan
*December 12: , a spin-off game, released in Japan for Nintendo 64
*December 18: Pokémon Trading Card Game for Game Boy released
1999
* January 21: Super Smash Bros. 64, crossover game, first released in Japan for Nintendo 64
* January 28: Pocket Monsters Episode: Orange Islands Adventures first aired in Japan
*March 21: Pokémon Snap, a spin-off photography game, first released in Japan
*April 14: Pokémon Pinball, a spin-off game, first released in Japan
*April 30: Pokémon Stadium (known in Japan as Pokémon Stadium 2), a spin-off game, first released in Japan
*July 17: Second Pokémon movie, Pokémon The Movie 2000: The Power of One, first released in Japan
*October 7: Softx changed its name to TV Tokyo MediaNet
*October 14: Pocket Monsters Episode: Gold and Silver first aired in Japan
* November 21: Pokémon Gold and Silver, primary games of Generation II, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Color
* December 4: Second English dub anime season, Pokémon: Adventures in the Orange Islands, released in the United States
2000
* July 18: Third Pokémon movie, Pokémon 3: The Movie: Spell of the Unown first released in Japan
* October 14: Third English dub anime season, Pokémon: The Johto Journeys, released in the United States
* December 14: Pokémon Crystal, upper edition of Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999), first released in Japan as the final main games for the Game Boy Color
* December 14: Pokémon Stadium 2 (known in Japan as Pokémon Stadium Gold and Silver) released in Japan
2001
* February: Pokémon USA established
*March 21: Game Boy Advance first released in Japan
*July 7: Fourth Pokémon movie, Pokémon 4Ever Celebi: Voice of the Forest, first released in Japan
* August 18: Fourth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Johto League Champions, released in the United States
*September 14: GameCube first released in Japan
*October 3: Pokémon Mini first released in Australia
*November 16: Pokemon Center New York opened in New York City
*November 16: Pokémon Puzzle Collection first released in Japan
*November 21: Super Smash Bros. Melee released for the GameCube
*December 4: Pokémon Zany Cards, a spin-off for Pokémon Mini, first released in Japan
2002
* July 13: Fifth Pokémon movie, Pokémon Heroes: Latios and Latias, first released in Japan
* September 14: Fifth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Master Quest, released in the United States
* November 21: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, primary games of Generation III and first main games for the Game Boy Advance, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance
* November 21: Pokémon Advanced Generation, The second Japanese anime series, first released in Japan
2003
* February 14: Game Boy Advance SP first released in Japan
*March 15: Sixth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Advanced, released in the United States
*May 30: Pokémon Box Ruby & Sapphire first released
* July 19: Sixth Pokémon movie, Jirachi Wish Maker, first released in Japan
*November 21: Pokémon Colosseum first released for GameCube
2004
* January 29: Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, remakes of Pocket Monsters Red and Green (1996) for the Game Boy and first ever remakes, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance
* July 17: Seventh Pokémon movie, Destiny Deoxys, first released in Japan
*August 22: First ever Pokémon Trading Game World Championships held
*September 2: TV Tokyo MediaNet was shortened to MediaNet
* September 11: Seventh English dub anime season, Pokémon: Advanced Challenge, released in the United States
* September 16: Pokémon Emerald, upper edition of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002) and final main games for the Game Boy Advance, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance
*November 21: Nintendo DS first released in North America
* December 2: Pokémon Dash, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
2005
* March 18: Poképark, a theme park, opens in Japan
*July 16: Eighth Pokémon movie, Lucario and the Mystery of Mew, first released in Japan
*August 4: Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness, a spin-off game, first released in Japan
*September 13: Game Boy Micro first released in Japan
* September 17: Eighth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Advanced Battle, released in the United States
* October 20: , a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* November 17; Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team, first games in the spin-off Mystery Dungeon series, first released in Japan for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS, respectively
2006
*March 2: Nintendo DS Lite first released in Japan
* March 23: Pokémon Ranger, the first game in the spin-off Ranger series, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* July 15: Ninth Pokémon movie, Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea, first released in Japan
* August 28: Pokémon Korea Inc. established
* September 8: Ninth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Battle Frontier, released in the United States
* September 28: Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, primary games of Generation IV and first main games for the Nintendo DS, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* September 28: Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, the Sinnoh anime saga & 3rd Japanese anime series, first released in Japan
*November 19: Nintendo Wii first released in North America
*December 14: Pokémon Battle Revolution, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Wii
2007
* April 20: Tenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl, released in the United States
* July 14: Tenth Pokémon movie, The Rise of Darkrai, 1st movie in the Diamond and Pearl movie trilogy, first released in Japan
* September 13: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
2008
* January 31: Super Smash Bros. Brawl, crossover game, first released in Japan for the Wii
*March 20: Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia, spin-off game and 2nd game in the Ranger series, first released in Japan
*March 25: My Pokémon Ranch, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Wii
* April 12: Eleventh English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Battle Dimension, released in the United States
*June 16: Pokémon Rumble, a spin-off game, first released for the Wii
*June 30: Shogakukan Productions changed its name to ShoPro
* July 19: Eleventh Pokémon movie, Giratina and the Sky Warrior, 2nd movie in the Diamond and Pearl movie trilogy, first released in Japan
*August 4: released exclusively in Japan as a WiiWare title for the Wii
*August 14: Pokémon World Championships first held
* September 13: Pokémon Platinum, upper edition of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006), first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
*November 1: Nintendo DSi first released in Japan
2009
* April 9: Pokémon Company International is established through the merger of Pokémon USA and Pokémon UK
*April 18: Pokémon Explorers of Sky, upper edition of Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, first released in Japan
* May 9: Twelfth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles, released in the United States
* July 18: Twelfth Pokémon movie, Arceus and the Jewel of Life, 3rd movie in the Diamond and Pearl movie trilogy, first released in Japan
* September 12: Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999) for the Game Boy Color, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS (in celebration of the 10th anniversary of Pokémon Gold and Silver)
*November 21: Nintendo DSi XL first released in Japan
*December 5: PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Wii
2010
* March 6: Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs, a spin-off game and third and most recent game in the Ranger series, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* June 5: Thirteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl: Sinnoh League Victors, released in the United States
* July 10: Thirteenth Pokémon movie, Zoroark: Master of Illusions, first released in Japan
* September 18: Pokémon Black and White, primary games of Generation V, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* September 23: , the Unova anime saga and fourth Japanese anime series, first released in Japan
* October 13: Pokémon Global Link, an online portal, established (went offline, discontinued in 2020)
2011
* February 12: Fourteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Black & White, released in the United States
*February 26: Nintendo 3DS first released in Japan
*April 21: Learn with Pokémon: Typing Adventure, spin-off educational game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS (only released in Japan, Europe & Australia)
*June 6: Pokédex 3D released for the Nintendo 3DS
* July 16: Fourteenth movie, Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom, the first dual Pokemon movies, first released in Japan
* November 12: PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond first released in Japan for the Wii
2012
* February 18: Fifteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon: Black & White: Rival Destinies, released in the United States
* March 17: Pokémon Conquest, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* June 21: , subseries of the Best Wishes! series, first released in Japan
* June 23: Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, a sequel to Pokémon Black and White (2010), the first-ever sequel game and the final main game for the Nintendo DS, first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
*June 23: Pokémon Dream Radar first released in Japan for the Nintendo DS
* July 14: Fifteenth Pokémon movie, Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice, first released in Japan
*July 28: Nintendo 3DS XL first released in Japan & Europe
*November 18: Wii U first released in North America
* November 23: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Gates to Infinity, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS
2013
* January 17: Pokémon Best Wishes Season 2 Episode N, a subseries of Pokémon Best Wishes!, first released in Japan
* February 2: Sixteenth English dub anime season part 1 of 2, Pokémon: Black & White: Adventures in Unova, released in the United States
* February 8: Pokémon TV app first released
* April 24: Pokémon Rumble U first released
* April 25: Pokémon Best Wishes Season 2 Decolore Adventure first released
* July 13: Sixteenth Pokémon movie, Genesect and the Legend Awakened, first released in Japan
* July 27: Sixteenth English dub anime season part 2 of 2, Pokémon: Black & White: Adventures in Unova and Beyond, released in the United States
*October 12: Nintendo 2DS first released in the West
* October 17: Pokémon: XY, fifth anime series, first released in Japan
* October 19: Seventeenth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: XY, released in the United States; Pokémon English dub anime is rebranded as "Pokémon the Series"
* December 25: Pokémon Bank released worldwide for Nintendo 3DS
2014
* July 19: Seventeenth Pokémon movie, Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction, first released in Japan
*September 13: Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS, crossover game, first released in Japan
*October 11: New Nintendo 3DS & the New Nintendo 3DS XL first released in Japan
* November 21: Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, remakes of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002) for the Game Boy Advance, released worldwide (except Europe on November 28) for the Nintendo 3DS on the twelfth anniversary of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002)
*November 21: Super Smash Bros. for Wii U, crossover game, first released in North America
2015
* February 7: Eighteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, released in the United States
* February 18: Pokémon Shuffle released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS
* May 7: Pokémon Jukebox, a music app only for Android first released in Japan
* July 18: Eighteenth Pokémon movie, Hoopa and the Clash of Ages, first released in Japan
* September 9: Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon, a spin-off game in the Mystery Dungeon series, first released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS
*September 10: Pokémon GO Press Conference announces Pokémon GO for summer 2016
* October 29: Pokémon XYZ, a subseries of Pokémon XY Japanese anime series, first airs in Japan
*December 2: Pokémon Picross, a spin-off game, first released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS
2016
* February 7: Pokémon twentieth anniversary commercial airs during Super Bowl 50
*February 20: Nineteenth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: XYZ, released in the United States
* February 27: Pocket Monsters Red, Green, Blue, (1996) and Yellow (1998), originally released for the Game Boy, re-released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS via Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console
*March 18: Pokkén Tournament released worldwide for the Wii U
*April 12: Pokémon Duel, a spin-off mobile game, first released in Japan for Android (shut down on October 31, 2019)
*July 6: Pokémon GO, geolocation-based mobile game, first released in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States for iOS and Android
* July 16: Nineteenth Pokémon movie, Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel, the most recent main timeline movie, first released in Japan
* September 16: Pokémon Generations, a special mini-anime series, first released
* November 17: Pokémon Sun and Moon, sixth anime series, first released in Japan
* November 18: Pokémon Sun and Moon, primary games of Generation VII, released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS
* December 5: Twentieth English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon, released in the United States
* December 9: Pokémon TCG - Sun and Moon first released
2017
* March 3: Nintendo Switch released worldwide in most regions
*June 15: New Nintendo 2DS XL first released in Australia
*July 15: Twentieth Pokémon movie, , the first alternate timeline movie, first released in Japan
*September 22: Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999), originally released for the Game Boy Color, re-released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS via Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console
*September 22: Pokken Tournament DX released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
* November 17: Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, upper editions of Pokémon Sun and Moon (2016), released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS
2018
* January 26: Pokémon Crystal (2000), originally released for the Game Boy Color, re-released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS via Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console
*March 23: Detective Pikachu, a spin-off game first released for Nintendo 3DS
* March 28: Twenty-first English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon - Ultra Adventures, released in the United States
*May 30: Pokémon 2018 Video Game Press Conference announces , untitled future core game for Nintendo Switch, spin-off game Pokémon Quest for the Nintendo Switch & mobile devices
* May 30: Pokémon Quest, a spin-off game, released for mobile
* July 13: Twenty-first Pokémon movie, The Power of Us, first released in Japan
* September 25: A mini-series The Two Professors was released
* November 16: , remakes of Pokémon Yellow (1998) for the Game Boy Color and first main Nintendo Switch games, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch in celebration of the Twentieth anniversary of Pokémon Yellow (1998)
* December 7: Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, crossover game, released for the Nintendo Switch
2019
* March 23: Twenty-second English dub anime season, Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon - Ultra Legends, released in the United States
*May 1: Pokémon Pass, a mobile app for scanning Pokémon gifts, launches exclusively in the United States
*May 3: Detective Pikachu, the first live-action film, first airs in theatres in Japan
*May 10: Detective Pikachu, the first live-action film, released in the West
*May 27: Pokémon 2019 Press Conference announces Detective Pikachu sequel for the Nintendo Switch, the cloud service Pokémon HOME, the mobile app Pokémon Sleep, the Pokémon GO Plus + device, and the spin-off game Pokémon Masters for mobile devices
* July 12: Twenty-second Pokémon movie, Mewtwo Strikes Back: EVOLUTION, remake of the first Pokemon movie and first CGI, first released in Japan
* August 29: Pokémon Masters, (now called Pokemon Masters Ex since August 2020) mobile spin-off game released
*September 20: Nintendo Switch Lite released worldwide
*October 31: Pokémon Duel permanently shuts down
* November 15: Pokémon Sword and Shield, primary games of Generation VIII, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
* November 17: Pocket Monsters, the seventh anime series and first series to focus on all current regions, first aired in Japan
* December 6: Pokémon Sword and Shield TCG released
2020
* January 15: Pokémon Twilight Wings, a special mini web anime series, first airs
* February 12: Pokémon Home released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch and mobile devices
* February 27: Mewtwo Strikes Back: EVOLUTION, the 22nd Pokémon movie, released worldwide on Netflix; first movie to premiere on Netflix
* March 6: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Rescue Team DX, spin-off and remake of Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team (2005), released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
* May 9: Twenty-third English dub anime season, Pokémon Journeys: The Series, first released in Canada
* June 5: A mini-series was released
* June 12: Twenty-third English dub anime season premieres on Netflix for the very first time with the Netflix release of Pokémon Journeys: The Series in the United States
* June 17: Pokémon Sword and Shield: The Isle of Armor, 1st of 2 DLCs for Pokémon Sword and Shield (2019), released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
2021
*February 27: Twenty-fifth anniversary of the Pokémon video games and the Pokémon franchise; Pokémon25 Virtual Concert with Post Malone
*April 30: New Pokémon Snap, a spin-off game, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
*May 14: "Electric" by American pop singer Katy Perry, the lead single of the Pokémon 25 music album, is released
*June 12: Twenty-fourth English dub anime season, Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series, season premiere in Canada
*July 21: Pokémon Unite, a spin-off MOBA mobile game, released for Nintendo Switch
*September 9: Pokémon Evolutions, a special mini web anime series celebrating the 25th anniversary, first airs
*September 10: Twenty-fourth English dub anime season premieres on Netflix with the Netflix release of Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series in the United States
*September 22: Pokémon Unite, a spin-off MOBA mobile game, mobile release for iOS and Android
*October 15: Release of Pokémon 25: The Album, featuring Katy Perry, Post Malone, J Balvin, Lil Yachty, Tierra Whack, Vince Staples, Zhu & more
*October 28: Pokémon Cafe Mix renamed Pokémon Café ReMix
*November 19: Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl, remakes of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006) for the Nintendo DS, worldwide release for the Nintendo Switch in celebration of the 15th anniversary of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006)
2022
*January 28: Pokémon Legends: Arceus, interquel of Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl (2021), worldwide release for the Nintendo Switch
*May 18: Pokémon: Hisuian Snow, a special mini web anime series, first airs
*May 28: Twenty-fifth English dub anime season, Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series, first released in Canada
*October 21: Twenty-fifth English dub anime season premieres on Netflix with the Netflix release of Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series in the United States
*November 18: Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, primary games of Generation IX, released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch
2023
*January 13: Pocket Monsters: Aim to Be a Pokémon Master anime airs in Japan
*April 8: A mini-series was released
*April 14: airs in Japan.
*July 17: Pokémon Sleep, a spin-off mobile game that tracks the amount of time a user sleeps
*August 11: A mini-series was released
*September 6: A mini-series Pokémon: Paldean Winds was released
*October 6: Detective Pikachu Returns
*October 27: Pocket Monsters: The Sparkling of Terapagos airs in Japan.
*December 28: Pokémon Concierge aired on Netflix
Upcoming
* Untitled Detective Pikachu film sequel
* Pokémon Legends: Z-A
There were key people involved in the Eureka Rebellion who subscribed to the ideals of Chartism and saw the struggle on the Victorian goldfields as a continuation of the activism in Britain in the 1840s and "the centuries of heroic struggles in England which preceded the Australian Federation" such as the 1688 Glorious Revolution, that resulted in the enactment of the English Bill of Rights. From 1837 to 1848, 129,607 incomers to Australia arrived from the British mainland, with at least 80 "physical force" chartists sentenced to penal servitude in Van Diemens Land. Currey agrees that the population at the time would have been sufficiently politically awake such that: "it may be fairly assumed that the aims of the Anti-Corn-Law League and the Chartists were very familiar to many of the Victorian miners".
The Ballarat Reform League's charter was heavily influenced by the one adopted at the 1839 Chartist National Convention held in London.
Gregory Blake has conceded that the so-called "Eureka Jack" may well have been flown beneath the Eureka Flag according to the first reports of the battle, as the miners were claiming to be defending their British rights.
Ballarat Reform League charter
After five hours of debate, it was formally resolved on 11 November 1854 at a meeting attended by a crowd of 10,000 at Bakery Hill in Ballarat that the Ballarat Reform League be formed to aggregate and articulate the interests of the mining community and "on that day it became an organization supported by the whole of the mining community in Ballarat". It was reported by the Ballarat Times that at the appointed hour, the "Union Jack and the American ensign were hoisted as signals for the people to assemble".
The League's manifesto was dismissed by Raffaello Carboni as "worn out twaddle imported from old England". It calls for abolishing the goldfields commission and the mining and storekeepers tax. In terms of electoral reforms, it demands full and fair representation, universal white male suffrage, abolition of property qualifications for members of the Victorian Legislative Council, payment of parliamentarians, and regular elections. The League also aimed to "unlock the lands", which referred to the issue of individual free and leasehold over crown land.
The founding secretary, John Basson Humffray, who led the walkout by members of the "moral force" faction immediately before the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, was a Chartist and other several other Ballarat Reform League leaders, including George Black, Henry Holyoake, and Tom Kennedy, are also believed to have been Chartists.
Eureka Jack as a Chartist liberty symbol
Gregory Blake, in his 2012 Eureka Stockade: A Ferocious and Bloody Battle advances the theory that the Union Jack mentioned as flying over the Eureka Stockade during the battle by the first newspaper reports was flown as the result of the miners' claiming to be defending their British rights. According to pioneering vexillologist Dr Whitney Smith, the Union Jack became a true national flag in the UK while being "inscribed with slogans as a protest flag of the Chartist movement in the nineteenth century".
Impact on the Eureka Rebellion
With regards to Chartism and the Eureka Rebellion, Geoffrey Serle has concluded that:
The Ballarat Reform League's charter was heavily influenced by the one adopted at the 1839 Chartist National Convention held in London.
Gregory Blake has conceded that the so-called "Eureka Jack" may well have been flown beneath the Eureka Flag according to the first reports of the battle, as the miners were claiming to be defending their British rights.
Ballarat Reform League charter
After five hours of debate, it was formally resolved on 11 November 1854 at a meeting attended by a crowd of 10,000 at Bakery Hill in Ballarat that the Ballarat Reform League be formed to aggregate and articulate the interests of the mining community and "on that day it became an organization supported by the whole of the mining community in Ballarat". It was reported by the Ballarat Times that at the appointed hour, the "Union Jack and the American ensign were hoisted as signals for the people to assemble".
The League's manifesto was dismissed by Raffaello Carboni as "worn out twaddle imported from old England". It calls for abolishing the goldfields commission and the mining and storekeepers tax. In terms of electoral reforms, it demands full and fair representation, universal white male suffrage, abolition of property qualifications for members of the Victorian Legislative Council, payment of parliamentarians, and regular elections. The League also aimed to "unlock the lands", which referred to the issue of individual free and leasehold over crown land.
The founding secretary, John Basson Humffray, who led the walkout by members of the "moral force" faction immediately before the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, was a Chartist and other several other Ballarat Reform League leaders, including George Black, Henry Holyoake, and Tom Kennedy, are also believed to have been Chartists.
Eureka Jack as a Chartist liberty symbol
Gregory Blake, in his 2012 Eureka Stockade: A Ferocious and Bloody Battle advances the theory that the Union Jack mentioned as flying over the Eureka Stockade during the battle by the first newspaper reports was flown as the result of the miners' claiming to be defending their British rights. According to pioneering vexillologist Dr Whitney Smith, the Union Jack became a true national flag in the UK while being "inscribed with slogans as a protest flag of the Chartist movement in the nineteenth century".
Impact on the Eureka Rebellion
With regards to Chartism and the Eureka Rebellion, Geoffrey Serle has concluded that:
Historians have noted various manifestations of loyalist sentiment throughout the 1851-1854 Eureka Rebellion on the Victorian gold fields. Among the examples that have been cited include a letter from the Mayor of Melbourne to the Lieutenant Governor concerning US Independence Day in 1853, the Bendigo Petition and Red Ribbon Movement protests, the inaugural meeting of the Ballarat Reform League, the Eureka Jack Mystery, and the public protest in Melbourne following the Battle of the Eureka Stockade.
US Independence Day 1853
The strength of loyalist sentiment among Victoria's ruling elite is evident in the following reply to Lieutenant Governor Charles La Trobe from the Mayor of Melbourne. The American consul had sought permission from the local authorities to mark Independence Day in 1853 with a gun salute. It states that:
Bendigo Petition and the Red Ribbon Movement
On 3 August 1853, La Trobe received the Bendigo petition that called for the universal mining tax based on time stayed on the goldfields to be put on hold and for the miners to have the franchise. The following day, there was a meeting held at Protestant Hall in Melbourne to hear a report from the delegation that met with La Trobe. There was "loud disapprobation and showers of hisses" from the crowd at the mere mention of the lieutenant governor. Manning Clark notes that George Thompson of the "moral force" faction just came back from another meeting in Bendigo when talk of "moral suasion" and "the genius of the English people to compose their differences without resort to violence" became instead an emphasis on "loyalty". Thompson pointed at a Union Jack and jokingly remarked, "if the flag went, it would be replaced by a diggers' flag".
On 12 August 1853, a Bendigo "diggers flag" was unfurled at View Point, Sandhurst. According to reports, the miners paraded with the flags of many nations, including the Union Jack, the US and Irish flags, the saltire of Scotland, the Union Jack, and French and German revolutionary flags. The miner's delegation had returned from Melbourne with news that La Trobe had refused their demands. Throughout the winter of 1853, the Red Ribbon Movement was active in the gold field settlements. Supporters were asked to wear red ribbons in their hats and to hand over only 10 shillings for the licence fee. The plan was to allow the sheer numbers in custody to result in an administrative log jam. Clark states that:
Lieutenant Governor Hotham's reception
La Trobe's successor as lieutenant governor, Sir Charles Hotham, took up his commission in Victoria on 22 June 1854. There were public ceremonies in Melbourne, and in August, Hotham and his wife were well received in Ballarat during a tour of the Victorian goldfields.
Inaugural Ballarat Reform League meeting
On 11 November 1854, over 10,000 people attended a meeting at Bakery Hill, where the Ballarat Reform League was formally established. According to the Ballarat Times when the proceedings were due to commence, the "Union Jack and the American ensign were hoisted as signals for the people to assemble".
Eureka Jack Mystery
The disputed first report of the Battle of the Eureka Stockade also mentions that a Union Jack was flown beneath the Eureka Flag, which was also captured by the foot police. One theory has it that the "Eureka Jack", as it is known, was an eleventh-hour response to divided loyalties in the rebel camp.
Eureka protest in Melbourne
Loyalist sentiment appears to have been at a low ebb among the ordinary colonists at a public meeting held on 5 December 1854 in Swanston Street, Melbourne. Following the fall of the Eureka Stockade, it attracted a crowd of around four thousand people. Several pro-government motions were proposed and greeted by howls of anger. The seconder of one motion that called for the maintenance of law and order was drowned out when they framed the issue as "would they support the flag of old England...or the new flag of the Southern Cross".
Lieutenant Governor Charles Hotham was undeterred and had 1,500 special constables from Melbourne and Geelong sworn in. However, only one recruit from Ballarat was found.
US Independence Day 1853
The strength of loyalist sentiment among Victoria's ruling elite is evident in the following reply to Lieutenant Governor Charles La Trobe from the Mayor of Melbourne. The American consul had sought permission from the local authorities to mark Independence Day in 1853 with a gun salute. It states that:
Bendigo Petition and the Red Ribbon Movement
On 3 August 1853, La Trobe received the Bendigo petition that called for the universal mining tax based on time stayed on the goldfields to be put on hold and for the miners to have the franchise. The following day, there was a meeting held at Protestant Hall in Melbourne to hear a report from the delegation that met with La Trobe. There was "loud disapprobation and showers of hisses" from the crowd at the mere mention of the lieutenant governor. Manning Clark notes that George Thompson of the "moral force" faction just came back from another meeting in Bendigo when talk of "moral suasion" and "the genius of the English people to compose their differences without resort to violence" became instead an emphasis on "loyalty". Thompson pointed at a Union Jack and jokingly remarked, "if the flag went, it would be replaced by a diggers' flag".
On 12 August 1853, a Bendigo "diggers flag" was unfurled at View Point, Sandhurst. According to reports, the miners paraded with the flags of many nations, including the Union Jack, the US and Irish flags, the saltire of Scotland, the Union Jack, and French and German revolutionary flags. The miner's delegation had returned from Melbourne with news that La Trobe had refused their demands. Throughout the winter of 1853, the Red Ribbon Movement was active in the gold field settlements. Supporters were asked to wear red ribbons in their hats and to hand over only 10 shillings for the licence fee. The plan was to allow the sheer numbers in custody to result in an administrative log jam. Clark states that:
Lieutenant Governor Hotham's reception
La Trobe's successor as lieutenant governor, Sir Charles Hotham, took up his commission in Victoria on 22 June 1854. There were public ceremonies in Melbourne, and in August, Hotham and his wife were well received in Ballarat during a tour of the Victorian goldfields.
Inaugural Ballarat Reform League meeting
On 11 November 1854, over 10,000 people attended a meeting at Bakery Hill, where the Ballarat Reform League was formally established. According to the Ballarat Times when the proceedings were due to commence, the "Union Jack and the American ensign were hoisted as signals for the people to assemble".
Eureka Jack Mystery
The disputed first report of the Battle of the Eureka Stockade also mentions that a Union Jack was flown beneath the Eureka Flag, which was also captured by the foot police. One theory has it that the "Eureka Jack", as it is known, was an eleventh-hour response to divided loyalties in the rebel camp.
Eureka protest in Melbourne
Loyalist sentiment appears to have been at a low ebb among the ordinary colonists at a public meeting held on 5 December 1854 in Swanston Street, Melbourne. Following the fall of the Eureka Stockade, it attracted a crowd of around four thousand people. Several pro-government motions were proposed and greeted by howls of anger. The seconder of one motion that called for the maintenance of law and order was drowned out when they framed the issue as "would they support the flag of old England...or the new flag of the Southern Cross".
Lieutenant Governor Charles Hotham was undeterred and had 1,500 special constables from Melbourne and Geelong sworn in. However, only one recruit from Ballarat was found.