Primordial water was formed in the primordial (nebular) gas and dust that later collapsed to form the Sun and planets. This dust cloud was rich in hydrogen and oxygen, which are the first and third most abundant elements in the Universe. These elements bound to small dust particles in the cloud. The small size of the dust particles created a large surface area for the attachment of these elements allowing for a large accumulation of hydrogen and oxygen, the building blocks of water. Data suggests a strongly negative deuterium to hydrogen ratio (δD) was added to the Earth during initial formation, during the Hadean eon, via dust particles with adsorbed H<sub>2</sub>O inherited directly from the protosolar nebula (-870‰). During the early Earth phases the temperature was high, 1000 to 500 K would still allow adsorption of 25% to 300% of Earth's water onto fractal grains during Earth's accretion. Under the high heat and pressure of the Earth's formation, these dust particles and elements were smashed together and formed minerals and in some instances these minerals had H<sub>2</sub>O inclusion bodies. Chemical models produced by Genda and Ikoma (2008) suggest an increase in the atmospheric D/H (heavy H2)/(light H1) value by a factor of 2 to 9 since Earth's formation.
Primary water or magmatic water
Understanding primordial water is important to understand the origins of primary or magmatic water. Primordial water and its off-spring primary water is the Earth's deep-water reservoir. Originally it was thought that low hydroxyl contents in upper mantle minerals collected near the Earth surface was proof of low solute H<sub>2</sub>O contents in the source region. However, recent papers have shown that minerals from deep Earth regions with fair to high concentrations of solute hydroxyls can have these reduced through a redox conversion which consumes solute hydroxyls in the matrix of minerals by converting them into peroxy plus molecular H<sub>2</sub>. The transition zone and lower mantle contain a vast amount of stored water due to high water solubility of its major olivine phase polymorph mineral constituents, wadsleyite and ringwoodite. A compiled table of the elasticity was put together in Zhu et al. (2016), which includes water (wt. %), of different compositions of wadsleyite and ringwoodite. These mantle regions subsequently store a significant amount of primary water solubilized from these deep earth minerals locally. They calculated that the transition zone would contain 3.46 x 1024 g (8640 ppm) of H<sub>2</sub>O, which corresponds to about 2.5 times of all the Earth's oceans. Based on the hydrous ringwoodite and hydrous wadsleyite; hydrous ringwoodite models the % of the earth’s water in the transition zone is between 28.48% and 17.8% respectively and for the lower mantle, 50.23% and 57.74% respectively. When minerals, rocks, and water are exposed to the Earth's atmosphere, a preferential loss of the lighter hydrogen isotopes occur, driven by thermal atmospheric escape or plasma interactions with gases. It is predicted that water solubilized from primordial water resources would have the same signature. Deuterium is a heavier isotope of hydrogen, with a neutron in its nucleus, and its prevalence compared with that of normal hydrogen serves as a useful fingerprint for tracing an object's history.<ref name="Jewitt and Young" />
Primary water or magmatic water
Understanding primordial water is important to understand the origins of primary or magmatic water. Primordial water and its off-spring primary water is the Earth's deep-water reservoir. Originally it was thought that low hydroxyl contents in upper mantle minerals collected near the Earth surface was proof of low solute H<sub>2</sub>O contents in the source region. However, recent papers have shown that minerals from deep Earth regions with fair to high concentrations of solute hydroxyls can have these reduced through a redox conversion which consumes solute hydroxyls in the matrix of minerals by converting them into peroxy plus molecular H<sub>2</sub>. The transition zone and lower mantle contain a vast amount of stored water due to high water solubility of its major olivine phase polymorph mineral constituents, wadsleyite and ringwoodite. A compiled table of the elasticity was put together in Zhu et al. (2016), which includes water (wt. %), of different compositions of wadsleyite and ringwoodite. These mantle regions subsequently store a significant amount of primary water solubilized from these deep earth minerals locally. They calculated that the transition zone would contain 3.46 x 1024 g (8640 ppm) of H<sub>2</sub>O, which corresponds to about 2.5 times of all the Earth's oceans. Based on the hydrous ringwoodite and hydrous wadsleyite; hydrous ringwoodite models the % of the earth’s water in the transition zone is between 28.48% and 17.8% respectively and for the lower mantle, 50.23% and 57.74% respectively. When minerals, rocks, and water are exposed to the Earth's atmosphere, a preferential loss of the lighter hydrogen isotopes occur, driven by thermal atmospheric escape or plasma interactions with gases. It is predicted that water solubilized from primordial water resources would have the same signature. Deuterium is a heavier isotope of hydrogen, with a neutron in its nucleus, and its prevalence compared with that of normal hydrogen serves as a useful fingerprint for tracing an object's history.<ref name="Jewitt and Young" />
Rob LaBelle (born August 2, 1962) is an American film and television actor.
Early life and education
He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
LaBelle graduated from Brown University in 1985, and got an M.F.A. from New York University.
Career
LaBelle has made appearances, many as a character actor, in dozens of film and television roles, most in the science-fiction genre, and is probably best known for his role as Eddie Nambulous on the television series First Wave (1998-2001) that first appeared on the Sci Fi Channel.
Filmography
* Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story (1987) (voice)
* Poison (1991)
* The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys (1992)
* The X-Files (1993) (Episode: "The Ghost in the Machine")
* Star Trek Voyager (1996) (Episode: "False Profits")
* Jack Frost (1997)
* First Wave (1998-2001)
* Dark Angel (2001)
* Monk (2002)
* The Burial Society (2002)
* Smallville (2003)
* Da Vinci's Inquest (2003-2004)
* "Force of Impact" (2005)
* Bob the Butler (2005)
* The 4400 (2005-2006)<ref name=SFTT />
* Eureka (2006)<ref name=SFTT />
* Deadly Skies (2006)
* Da Vinci's City Hall (2006)
* Fido (2006)
* RV (2006)
* Three Moons Over Milford (2006)
* Watchmen (2009)
* Supernatural (2009)
* Ice Quake (2010)
* Psych (2010)
* Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)
* The Man in the High Castle (2015)
Early life and education
He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
LaBelle graduated from Brown University in 1985, and got an M.F.A. from New York University.
Career
LaBelle has made appearances, many as a character actor, in dozens of film and television roles, most in the science-fiction genre, and is probably best known for his role as Eddie Nambulous on the television series First Wave (1998-2001) that first appeared on the Sci Fi Channel.
Filmography
* Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story (1987) (voice)
* Poison (1991)
* The Amazing Live Sea Monkeys (1992)
* The X-Files (1993) (Episode: "The Ghost in the Machine")
* Star Trek Voyager (1996) (Episode: "False Profits")
* Jack Frost (1997)
* First Wave (1998-2001)
* Dark Angel (2001)
* Monk (2002)
* The Burial Society (2002)
* Smallville (2003)
* Da Vinci's Inquest (2003-2004)
* "Force of Impact" (2005)
* Bob the Butler (2005)
* The 4400 (2005-2006)<ref name=SFTT />
* Eureka (2006)<ref name=SFTT />
* Deadly Skies (2006)
* Da Vinci's City Hall (2006)
* Fido (2006)
* RV (2006)
* Three Moons Over Milford (2006)
* Watchmen (2009)
* Supernatural (2009)
* Ice Quake (2010)
* Psych (2010)
* Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010)
* The Man in the High Castle (2015)
"Sun Shifts" is a limited edition of 100 CD-Rs handmade and hand-drawn by White Rainbow (real name Adam Forkner). Recorded in one continuous session of 30 minutes only to be overdubbed with a full hour-long second sitting, the album had an MP3 only re-release via States Rights Records in November 2007 as a bonus to purchasers of Sky Drips Drifts, the unofficial sequel to "Sun Shifts". The song itself goes through many different phases and sections, finally fading out after no fewer than twenty different combinations of sounds and instruments, all recorded using the array of looper pedals and effects pedals used in live performances by White Rainbow.
Track listing
#"Sun Shifts" - 1:06:35
Track listing
#"Sun Shifts" - 1:06:35
The horng fong is a legendary reptilian creature believed by some to be a pygmy ceratopsian still alive in the jungles of the Mekong Delta.
Evidence
Ivan T. Sanderson and Bernard Huevelmans both collected first hand accounts of the creature which some native villagers described as a "large turtle with a horned shell on its head".
Very little anecdotal evidence and little to no physical evidence has ever been provided to prove its existence. According to the book Animal Tales - An Anthology of Animal Literature footprints were photographed in the 1930s. Researchers dismissed these as crocodile prints and the photos soon vanished. A few attempts have been made by westerners to track the creature but there have been no sightings outside of the local population with the exception of two French missionaries in 1908 who saw several crossing a river and described them as "comme un paquet de loup, mais fait du porc a classé des crocodiles" (like a wolf pack made up of pig-like crocodiles). With no recent sightings and very little information, the horng fong has as little credibility as other tales of living dinosaurs and is most likely to be just an actual species of turtle, possibly now extinct.
Evidence
Ivan T. Sanderson and Bernard Huevelmans both collected first hand accounts of the creature which some native villagers described as a "large turtle with a horned shell on its head".
Very little anecdotal evidence and little to no physical evidence has ever been provided to prove its existence. According to the book Animal Tales - An Anthology of Animal Literature footprints were photographed in the 1930s. Researchers dismissed these as crocodile prints and the photos soon vanished. A few attempts have been made by westerners to track the creature but there have been no sightings outside of the local population with the exception of two French missionaries in 1908 who saw several crossing a river and described them as "comme un paquet de loup, mais fait du porc a classé des crocodiles" (like a wolf pack made up of pig-like crocodiles). With no recent sightings and very little information, the horng fong has as little credibility as other tales of living dinosaurs and is most likely to be just an actual species of turtle, possibly now extinct.