The notion of a Fifth Cinema was developed by Dr. Ricardo Peach as part of his PhD thesis titled 'Queer Cinema as a Fifth Cinema in South Africa and Australia' in 2005 (http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/dspace/handle/2100/425). He first presented his concept publicly at the Third Annual Hawaii International Conference on Arts and Humanities in 2005 (http://www.hichumanities.org/AH%202005%20Final%20Program.pdf).
Through a comparative analysis of the Queer cinematic cultures of South Africa and Australia, and stemming from their strong activist beginnings, Peach proposes the existence of a new genus of cinema he terms Fifth Cinema. For him Fifth Cinema includes Queer Cinema, Feminist Cinema and Immigrant/Multicultural Cinema and can be informed by First Cinema (classical, Hollywood), Second Cinema (arthouse or dual national cinemas), and Third and Fourth Cinema (cinema dealing with the decolonisation of Third World and Fourth World people).
Fifth Cinema, however, endeavours to assist in decolonisation not of itself (as does critical First Cinema), or of one dominant cinematic form by another (Second Cinema), or of one ‘nation’ by another (Third and Fourth Cinema); rather it seeks to decolonise discriminatory and dominating representations that come from within a society of origin or a society lived in by choice.
It develops its unique difference by engaging with the internal struggle of the dominant cultures within which it exists. Some of the dominant cultural ideologies that it challenges can include women's, transgender's and men’s lives which are often 'colonised' by patriarchal structures; Queer and non-Queer people's lives which are often colonised by the hetero-dominant ideologies of sex and gender master-discourses; and immigrant lives and those from multicultural backgrounds that can often be dominated by ideas of nationalisms, race and ethnicity that exclude them.
Fifth Cinema as a decolonising agent in this context therefore refers to the drive for self-determination and the development of interventions and representations that counter dominant, cultural cinematic forms from within cultures of origin or cultures of choice.
Through a comparative analysis of the Queer cinematic cultures of South Africa and Australia, and stemming from their strong activist beginnings, Peach proposes the existence of a new genus of cinema he terms Fifth Cinema. For him Fifth Cinema includes Queer Cinema, Feminist Cinema and Immigrant/Multicultural Cinema and can be informed by First Cinema (classical, Hollywood), Second Cinema (arthouse or dual national cinemas), and Third and Fourth Cinema (cinema dealing with the decolonisation of Third World and Fourth World people).
Fifth Cinema, however, endeavours to assist in decolonisation not of itself (as does critical First Cinema), or of one dominant cinematic form by another (Second Cinema), or of one ‘nation’ by another (Third and Fourth Cinema); rather it seeks to decolonise discriminatory and dominating representations that come from within a society of origin or a society lived in by choice.
It develops its unique difference by engaging with the internal struggle of the dominant cultures within which it exists. Some of the dominant cultural ideologies that it challenges can include women's, transgender's and men’s lives which are often 'colonised' by patriarchal structures; Queer and non-Queer people's lives which are often colonised by the hetero-dominant ideologies of sex and gender master-discourses; and immigrant lives and those from multicultural backgrounds that can often be dominated by ideas of nationalisms, race and ethnicity that exclude them.
Fifth Cinema as a decolonising agent in this context therefore refers to the drive for self-determination and the development of interventions and representations that counter dominant, cultural cinematic forms from within cultures of origin or cultures of choice.
Gregory Singer is a musician and teacher from Corpus Christi, Texas.
Early life
Singer was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, the son of Leslie (née Wright), a concert pianist, and Jacques Singer, a symphony orchestra conductor. His brother is actor Marc Singer,his sister is actress Lori Singer and her cousin is film director Bryan Singer.
Career
Gregory Singer studied at Indiana University, the Meadowmount School for Strings, and the Juilliard School in New York City.
He has worked as a studio musician on numerous movie soundtracks and recordings. He made his stage debut at the age of 11, performing the Wieniawski Violin Concerto on a tour throughout the Pacific Northwest. As an orchestra member he has played with the Brooklyn Philharmonic, the Composers Orchestra and the American Symphony Orchestra, numerous Broadway shows, ballets, operas, and the Columbia Artists Community Concerts series.
At age 22 Gregory Singer was appointed General Manager of the Naumburg Orchestra. He was also manager of the New York City Symphony. For 6 years Gregory worked as Director of Sales at Jacques Francais Rare Violins in New York City. Gregory has taught violin at the St. Thomas Choir School and privately for 20 years.
Gregory opened his own sales firm in 1999 under the name Gregory Singer Rare Violins, which moved from his Carnegie Hall location to the current location at 246 West 80th Street. Gregory Singer Fine Violins is proud to sell, restore and appraise many of the rare 18th Century violins as well as contemporary instruments.
Early life
Singer was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, the son of Leslie (née Wright), a concert pianist, and Jacques Singer, a symphony orchestra conductor. His brother is actor Marc Singer,his sister is actress Lori Singer and her cousin is film director Bryan Singer.
Career
Gregory Singer studied at Indiana University, the Meadowmount School for Strings, and the Juilliard School in New York City.
He has worked as a studio musician on numerous movie soundtracks and recordings. He made his stage debut at the age of 11, performing the Wieniawski Violin Concerto on a tour throughout the Pacific Northwest. As an orchestra member he has played with the Brooklyn Philharmonic, the Composers Orchestra and the American Symphony Orchestra, numerous Broadway shows, ballets, operas, and the Columbia Artists Community Concerts series.
At age 22 Gregory Singer was appointed General Manager of the Naumburg Orchestra. He was also manager of the New York City Symphony. For 6 years Gregory worked as Director of Sales at Jacques Francais Rare Violins in New York City. Gregory has taught violin at the St. Thomas Choir School and privately for 20 years.
Gregory opened his own sales firm in 1999 under the name Gregory Singer Rare Violins, which moved from his Carnegie Hall location to the current location at 246 West 80th Street. Gregory Singer Fine Violins is proud to sell, restore and appraise many of the rare 18th Century violins as well as contemporary instruments.
Malleable Man is a minor DC comics supervillain. He debuted in DC Comics Presents #93 (May 1986).
Fictional character biography
Malleable Man is a member of the "Elastic Four", an unofficial group of stretchable superheroes that includes Plastic Man, Elongated Man, and Jimmy Olsen in his Elastic Lad guise. Malleable Man is eventually revealed as Skizzle Shanks, an ex-con and former associate of Plastic Man from his Eel O'Brien days. Malleable has made no further appearances.
tl:Malleable Man
Fictional character biography
Malleable Man is a member of the "Elastic Four", an unofficial group of stretchable superheroes that includes Plastic Man, Elongated Man, and Jimmy Olsen in his Elastic Lad guise. Malleable Man is eventually revealed as Skizzle Shanks, an ex-con and former associate of Plastic Man from his Eel O'Brien days. Malleable has made no further appearances.
tl:Malleable Man
Vietnam Veteran Anti-War Propaganda
The events of the Vietnam War created a new form of propaganda. In this war people's actions were the most effective form of propaganda. Of these actions, the most influential was the use of veteran and soldier protests. From entering the Vietnam War, the United States was already fighting a losing battle. Spending 66 million dollars a day, 1 the American budget was growing a large Federal deficit. President Johnson increased income taxes and cut back on the poverty program from better funding towards the war 1. Martin Luther King Jr. states “that America would never invest the necessary funds in rehabilitation of its poor as long as Vietnam continues to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction to it. 1” Approximately 211,669 Americans were either killed or wounded 2.
Turning Point
This was one of the turning points of the American view on the war. Around the mid 1960’s we began to see anti-war protests. One of the most influential of the early protests occurred in February of 1966. A group of about 100 veterans attempted to return their decorations of the White House in protest of the war 3. This event was most effective to the public because it is the first recorded example of decorated veterans taking a stand against an American war.
Creation of VVAW
In 1967 VVAW or better known as Vietnam Veterans Against the War was formed. They demonstrated all over America. Many of them were in wheelchairs or on crutches. People watched on television as Vietnam heroes threw away the medals they had won fighting in the war. One shouted: “Here’s my merit badges for murder.” Another apologized to the Vietnamese people and claimed that: “I hope that someday I can return to Vietnam and help to rebuild that country we tore apart.” 1
Examples
These are only a few examples demonstrating the questions that soldiers began to raise as they were in Vietnam. The most dramatic opposition of the war actually came from the soldiers themselves. Between 1960 and 1973, 503,926 members of the U.S. armed forces deserted. Many soldiers began to question the morality of the war once they began fighting in Vietnam. One soldier, Keith Franklin, wrote a letter that was only to be opened on his death. He was killed on May 12, 1970: “If you are reading this letter, you will never see me again, the reason being that if you are reading this I have died. The question is whether or not my death has been in vain. The answer is yes. The war that has taken my life and many thousands before me is immoral, unlawful, and an atrocity…I had no choice as to my fate. It was predetermined by the war-mongering hypocrites in Washington. As I lay dead, please grant my last request. Help me inform the American people, the silent majority who have not yet voiced their opinions.” 1
Trends
This trend of anti-war movement by soldiers and veterans has continued since this war. One example comes from Charles Liteky, a former army Chaplain, who was awarded the Medal of Honorhttp://en. .org/wiki/Medal_of_honor by President Johnson in 1968. Liteky received this award for carrying 20 men, dead and alive, out of a combat zone in Vietnam. To protest against the aid of the rebel resistance in Nicaragua and the U.S. activity in Central America Liteky would place the award in an envelope addressed to President Reagan and leave it at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. This was seen as a “Campaign of Conscience” to oppose further United States involvement. 4
These demonstrations remian significant in America today. One example comes from Josh Gaines, a former reservist from Wisconsin who was deployed to Iraq, decided to “return his military medals” in protest of the war effort there according to an Associated Press report. He mailed his Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal and National Defense Service Medal to former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, whom Gaines said was “the man responsible for my tour.”5
Soldier and Veteran demonstrations and opinions are a new and powerful form of propaganda. The effectiveness of this has been evident since the Vietnam War. Anti-war Veteran demonstrations are a persuasive public form of communication, which have affected the public opinions of the American people in decades before us and continues to affect us now.
The events of the Vietnam War created a new form of propaganda. In this war people's actions were the most effective form of propaganda. Of these actions, the most influential was the use of veteran and soldier protests. From entering the Vietnam War, the United States was already fighting a losing battle. Spending 66 million dollars a day, 1 the American budget was growing a large Federal deficit. President Johnson increased income taxes and cut back on the poverty program from better funding towards the war 1. Martin Luther King Jr. states “that America would never invest the necessary funds in rehabilitation of its poor as long as Vietnam continues to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction to it. 1” Approximately 211,669 Americans were either killed or wounded 2.
Turning Point
This was one of the turning points of the American view on the war. Around the mid 1960’s we began to see anti-war protests. One of the most influential of the early protests occurred in February of 1966. A group of about 100 veterans attempted to return their decorations of the White House in protest of the war 3. This event was most effective to the public because it is the first recorded example of decorated veterans taking a stand against an American war.
Creation of VVAW
In 1967 VVAW or better known as Vietnam Veterans Against the War was formed. They demonstrated all over America. Many of them were in wheelchairs or on crutches. People watched on television as Vietnam heroes threw away the medals they had won fighting in the war. One shouted: “Here’s my merit badges for murder.” Another apologized to the Vietnamese people and claimed that: “I hope that someday I can return to Vietnam and help to rebuild that country we tore apart.” 1
Examples
These are only a few examples demonstrating the questions that soldiers began to raise as they were in Vietnam. The most dramatic opposition of the war actually came from the soldiers themselves. Between 1960 and 1973, 503,926 members of the U.S. armed forces deserted. Many soldiers began to question the morality of the war once they began fighting in Vietnam. One soldier, Keith Franklin, wrote a letter that was only to be opened on his death. He was killed on May 12, 1970: “If you are reading this letter, you will never see me again, the reason being that if you are reading this I have died. The question is whether or not my death has been in vain. The answer is yes. The war that has taken my life and many thousands before me is immoral, unlawful, and an atrocity…I had no choice as to my fate. It was predetermined by the war-mongering hypocrites in Washington. As I lay dead, please grant my last request. Help me inform the American people, the silent majority who have not yet voiced their opinions.” 1
Trends
This trend of anti-war movement by soldiers and veterans has continued since this war. One example comes from Charles Liteky, a former army Chaplain, who was awarded the Medal of Honorhttp://en. .org/wiki/Medal_of_honor by President Johnson in 1968. Liteky received this award for carrying 20 men, dead and alive, out of a combat zone in Vietnam. To protest against the aid of the rebel resistance in Nicaragua and the U.S. activity in Central America Liteky would place the award in an envelope addressed to President Reagan and leave it at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. This was seen as a “Campaign of Conscience” to oppose further United States involvement. 4
These demonstrations remian significant in America today. One example comes from Josh Gaines, a former reservist from Wisconsin who was deployed to Iraq, decided to “return his military medals” in protest of the war effort there according to an Associated Press report. He mailed his Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal and National Defense Service Medal to former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, whom Gaines said was “the man responsible for my tour.”5
Soldier and Veteran demonstrations and opinions are a new and powerful form of propaganda. The effectiveness of this has been evident since the Vietnam War. Anti-war Veteran demonstrations are a persuasive public form of communication, which have affected the public opinions of the American people in decades before us and continues to affect us now.